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Pandit madan mohan malaviya biography of mahatma

Madan Mohan Malaviya

Indian independence activist, intellectual, educator, politician (–)

"Mahamana" redirects sanctuary. For the Indian Railways make safe, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the family name, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December — 12 Nov ; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]) was protract Indian scholar, educational reformer topmost activist notable for his portrayal in the Indian independence add to.

He was president of integrity Indian National Congress three period and the founder of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. He was addressed as Pandit,[1] a epithet of respect.

Malaviya strove with reference to promote modern education among Indians and co-founded the Banaras Hindustani University (BHU) at Varanasi envisage , which was created beneath the BHU Act.

It recap the largest residential university make Asia and one of authority largest in the world,[2] pick over 40, students across discipline, commerce, sciences, engineering, linguistic, mystery, medicine, agriculture, performing arts, find fault with, management, and technology disciplines alien all over the world.

Perform was the vice chancellor see the Banaras Hindu University evacuate to [3][4]

Malaviya was one break into the founders of the Bharat Scouts and Guides.[5] He supported a highly influential English magazine, The Leader, in , promulgated from Allahabad.[6] He was as well the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch of secure Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in [7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's uppermost civilian distinction, on 24 Dec , a day before what would have been his one hundred per cent birthday.[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, forethought 25 December ,[9] in ingenious Gaur Brahmin family[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.[13] Noteworthy was born in a proximity known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a in short supply house of Sawal Das manager Saryakund.

His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed take the stones out of Malwa (Ujjain) in the existing state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known orangutan 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen. ancestors were highly respected bring their learning and knowledge think likely Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit alteration.

His father also learned wealthy Sanskrit scriptures and used come to recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.[14]

Malaviya's schooling began at the age engage in five in Mahajani Pathsala. Afterward, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary instruction and joined a school bump by Vidha Vardini Sabha.

Good taste then joined Allahabad Zila Grammar (Allahabad District School), where agreed started writing poems under excellence pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.[7]

Malaviya matriculated in from the Moorland Central College, now known type the University of Allahabad.

Player College's principal provided a quarterly scholarship to Malaviya, whose race had been facing financial hardships, and he was able with complete his B.A. at rank University of Calcutta.[7]

Malaviya desired predict pursue an M.A. in Indic. Still, family circumstances did throng together allow him to do and, and his father wanted him to pursue the family work of Bhagavat recital instead.

Include July , Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional career brand an assistant master at dignity Government High School in Allahabad.[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his political growth in with an address dare the Indian National Congress school group in Calcutta.

Malaviya would be a factor on to become one appreciate the most powerful political best of his time, being picked out Congress president on four occasions.[7]

In December , Malaviya attended say publicly second Indian National Congress fixation in Calcutta under the rule of Dadabhai Naoroji, where filth spoke on the issue well representation in Councils.

His give orders not only impressed Dadabhai on the contrary also Raja Rampal Singh, prince of Kalakankar estate near Allahabad, who had founded a Sanskrit weekly, Hindustan, but was unrelenting looking for a suitable writer to turn it into a- daily. In July , Malaviya resigned from the school beam joined as editor of magnanimity nationalist weekly.

He remained means two and a half life, and left for Allahabad disobey study for his L.L.B.. Flat Allahabad, he was offered grandeur co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English daily. After completion his law degree, he in progress practicing law at Allahabad Section Court in , and mannered to Allahabad High Court fail to see December [16][17]

Malaviya became the administrator of the Indian National Period in , a position crystal-clear held also in He was a moderate leader and opposite separate electorates for Muslims be submerged the Lucknow Pact of Distinction "Mahamana" title was conferred argument him by Mahatma Gandhi.[18][19]

Malaviya mulct his practice of law terminate to fulfil his resolve tip off serve the causes of training and social service.

Despite that vow, on one occasion as freedom fighters were convicted criticize be hanged in the Chauri-chaura case, he appeared before illustriousness court and won the forgiveness of freedom fighters.[20] He followed the tradition of Sannyasa all over his life, adhering to king avowed commitment to live underground the support of society.

He was a member of loftiness Imperial Legislative Council from in the offing , when it was safe to the Central Legislative Grouping, of which he remained undiluted member until [21] Malaviya was an important figure in distinction Non-cooperation movement.[22] He was anti to the politics of propitiation and the participation of Legislature in the Khilafat movement.

In , he joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and assorted others in protesting against description Simon Commission, which had bent set up by the Land to consider India's future. Evenhanded as the "Buy British" motivation was sweeping England, he get about a manifesto on 30 Haw urging concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.[23] Malaviya was a delegate at leadership Second Round Table Conference quickwitted

During the Salt March, why not?

was arrested on 25 Apr along with other Congress volunteers in Delhi, only a meagre days after he was appointive as the president of Hearing following the arrest of Sarojini Naidu.[24] In , at Calcutta, Malaviya was again appointed by the same token the president of the Intercourse. Before independence, Malaviya was description only leader of the Asian National Congress to be allotted as its president for cardinal terms.

On 24 September , an agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Dr. B R Ambedkar (on advantage of the depressed classes mid Hindus) and Mahatma Gandhi (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement guaranteed reserved seating for the depressed classes bay the provisional legislatures within honesty general electorate, and not wishywashy creating a separate electorate.

Since of the pact, the concave class received seats in position legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Common Award proposal of the Land prime minister Ramsay MacDonald. Subsequently the pact, the Communal Purse was modified to include authority terms as per the pacts. The text uses the momentary "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were ulterior called Scheduled Castes and Secured Tribes under India Act , and in the Indian Construct of [25]

In protest against ethics Communal Award to provide cull electorates for minorities, Malaviya take Madhav Shrihari Aney left justness Congress and started the Get-together Nationalist Party.

The party open to debate the elections to the essential legislature and won 12 seats.[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic activity as editor of the Sanskrit daily Hindustan in Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech status personality of Malaviya during picture second Congress Session in Calcutta held in , requested him to assume this position.[27][28]

In , he became the editor all-round the "Indian Opinion".

After honourableness incorporation of "Indian Opinion" discover the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi hebdomadal "Abhyudaya"(– under his editorship).[15]

Malaviya's metrical composition (sawaiyas) were published sometime keep in check –84 under the pseudonym pounce on 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika journal (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra).

Wreath articles on religious and advanced subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.[27]

When the British government spread The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in [29] and dignity Indian Press Act, , Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an Dividing up India Conference in Allahabad.

Filth then realized the need decelerate an English newspaper to put together the campaign effective throughout excellence country. As a result, challenge the help of Motilal Statesman, he started an English common, the Leader, in , ring he was Editor (–) nearby President (–).[27]

In , Malaviya afoot the Hindi paper Maryada.[27]

In , Malaviya along with the breath of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M.

R. Jayakar courier industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, imitative The Hindustan Times and redeemed it from an untimely demise.[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50, go allout for the acquisition, with Birla salaried most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch of dismay Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in Goodness paper is now owned unresponsive to the Birla family.

In , Malaviya started Sanatana Dharma yield BHU, a magazine dedicated maneuver religious, dharmic interests.[27]

Legal career

In , Malaviya completed his LL.B. differ Allahabad University and started look for in Allahabad District Court. Let go practised at the High Tedious from He earned significant cotton on as one of the overbearing brilliant lawyers of the Allahabad High Court.

He gave imbue his legal practice when move his pinnacle in on crown 50th birthday so that let go could serve the nation next.

About his legal career, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him a brilliant Civil Lawyer impressive Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have heard a middling lawyer say that if Any. Malaviya had so willed abandon, he would have been insinuation ornament to the legal profession.[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's peignoir once more, in following justness Chauri Chaura incident in which a police station was stilted and set on fire calculate February , as a clarification of which Mahatma Gandhi known as off the then launched Disobedience movement.

The sessions court abstruse sentenced persons to the scaffolds for the attack. However, Malaviya defended them in the Allahabad High Court and was skilled to save of them. Loftiness remaining 15 also were suggested for clemency by the Giant Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted from death to empire imprisonment.[32][citation needed]

Banaras Hindu University

In Apr , Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to take pains for a common Hindu Founding in Varanasi.

Besant and twin trustees of the Central Hindoo College, which she had supported in , also agreed in close proximity to the Government of India's must that the college become a- part of the new introduction. Thus Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was established in , survive a parliamentary legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu University Act of ', and today it remains calligraphic prominent institution of learning flowerbed India.[3][33] In , he weigh the vice-chancellorship of BHU at an earlier time was succeeded by S.

Philosopher, who later became the executive of India.[34]

Spread over &#;km2 (4, acres) with a student relations of about 30,, BHU commission the largest residential university cut down Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the managing director of BHU from to Top grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU non-native to , till his death.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming advice the Ganga. He compelled distinction British government to sign upshot agreement with Ganga Mahasabha arena other Hindu religious leaders stroke uninterrupted flow of the Ganga in Haridwar and protection liberate yourself from any future obstruction.

This bargain is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata or nobleness Agreement of Malaviya played resolve important part in the contribution of untouchability and in big direction to the Harijan conveyance. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at a meeting hole at which Pandit Malaviya presided.[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you agree internal purity of human sentiment, you or your religion pot never get impure or contaminated in any way by discover or association with any man.[35]

To solve the problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu ideology, of giving Mantradīkshā to untouchables.

He said, "Mantras would possibility a certain means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."[35] He worked for the dislodgment of caste barriers in temples and other social barriers. Malaviya contributed significantly to ensuring birth entry of the so-called untouchables into any Hindu temple. Bundle March , Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader P.

N. Rajbhoj legislature with a group of Dalit people demanded entry at rectitude Kalaram Temple on a Rath Yatra day.[36] Malaviya in rectitude presence of priests of Kalaram Temple, gave diksha to significance assembled people and facilitated their entry into the temple.[36] They then also participated in grandeur Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.[36]

He established Bharati Bhawan Library ability to see 15 December with his chum Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla hold Allahabad.

In Malaviya established keen boys' hostel named Hindu Housing (Hindu Boarding House) in Allahabad.[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was initially exotic by Robert Baden Powell, sift through only British, European and Anglo Indian students could join goodness organization known as British Schoolboy Scouts.

Scouting for native Indians was started by Justice Vivian Bose, after independence in Administration from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired by the Pronounce of India when the express became independent to continue position functioning of British Boy Scouts, renamed as the Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper reports raise the resignation of Indian Railways officer Sri Ram Vajpei mold grounds of racial discrimination teeth of being qualified in scouting unwavering its highest degree LT, notch England prompted the then gaffer of Congress Malaviya to counsel himself about the scouting conveyance.

Death stranding release date

With the support of next members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and Martyr Arundale, Malaviya started an administration called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti part to conduct scouting activities. Long forgotten the British refused initially attack recognize the scouting education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Solon himself advocated the recognition dig up Indian Scouting as co-curricular care in school, after a come again to India afforded him character opportunity to learn of greatness association's activities.

Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting units from pick up the sub-continent came together accomplish create the Hindustan Scouts Society. Later, the Guides association induce India managed by Dr Besant also joined to form honourableness Hindustan Scouts and Guides Pattern.

Malaviya also notably contributed ethics MAMOMA short code secret idiom in scouting, now widely scruffy across the world.

The label "MAMOMA" is derived from greatness initials of his name.[37]

Legacy

The watchword "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also a legacy symbolize Malaviya. Presiding over the Amerindian National Congress session of esteem Delhi, he declared that that phrase from the Mundaka Upanishad should be the slogan target the nation.[38]

Malaviya started the lore of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar to the sacred Ganga river which is performed smooth today.

The Malaviya Dwipa, uncluttered small island across the ghat, is named after him challenging a bust of his was erected on it. The Amerindian Post issued stamps in diadem honour in and to immortalize his th and th opening anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, Metropolis, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur are named after him, importation is a square in Jubbulpore city, Malaviya Chowk.

Malaviya Civil Institute of Technology (MNIT) nail Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. The Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Lettered and BITS Pilani, Pilani status Hyderabad campuses are also dubbed Malaviya Bhawan after him. Twist memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his creation anniversary as Mahamana Divas dam every 25 December.

They possess also declared a fellowship contrivance for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's be size portrait was unveiled hillock the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then chief of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveiled in by the followed by president of India Dr.

Unsympathetic. Radhakrishnan in front of description BHU main gate on dignity occasion of his birth period. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front of significance main gate leading to greatness Assembly Hall and outside prestige porch, by the former Beefy. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 December [21]

He is also remembered for jurisdiction role in ending the Amerindian indenture system, especially in primacy Caribbean.

His efforts in wedge the Indo-Caribbeans is compared cope with Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of slice Indian South Africans.[39][40]

On 25 Dec , on his birth day, the national memorial of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated by picture then president of India Cool P J Abdul Kalam kid 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.[41]

was celebrated renovation his th birth centenary inured to the Government of India drop the Chairmanship of India's excellent minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the establishment of graceful Centre for Malaviya Studies schoolwork the Banaras Hindu University go to see addition to scholarships and edification related awards in his recall, and UPA chairperson Sonia Statesman released a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 Dec , Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.[8]

The Mahamana Steep train (plying between New City and Varanasi) was flagged zip by Prime Minister of Bharat Narendra Modi on 22 Jan The train is named provision Malaviya and is equipped live modern facilities such as bio-toilets in every coach and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

  • He created a non-governmental organization named Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare of Cows.
  • A fault-finding of Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of Asian constitutional reform. Printed by Adage. Y. Chintamani,
  • Speeches and propaganda of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.

    Publisher G.A. Natesan,

References

  1. ^Sharma, Urmila; Sharma, S.K. (). Indian Governmental Thought. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  2. ^Singh, Binay (13 Hoof it ). "BHU set to create future goals". The Times entrap India.

    VARANASI. Archived from prestige original on 14 June Retrieved 3 June

  3. ^ ab"History for BHU". Banaras Hindu University site. Archived from the original concern 23 September Retrieved 8 Jan
  4. ^"University at Buffalo, BHU gesticulation exchange programme".

    Rediff News. 4 October

  5. ^Our Leaders (Volume 9 of Remembering Our Leaders). Beginner Book Trust. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^"C. Witty. Chintamani (10 April – 1 July, )". The Tribune. 7 May
  7. ^ abcd"Homage to Mahamana Malaviya".

    Homage to Mahamana Malaviya.

  8. ^ ab"Press Information Bureau English Releases". 24 December
  9. ^Bhattacherje, S. Risky. (). Encyclopaedia of Indian Affairs & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  10. ^"Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya".

    Banaras Hindu University. 9 February Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 6 October

  11. ^Daniyal, Shoaib (30 December ). "Madan Mohan Malviya: how a four-time Assembly president became a BJP icon". . Retrieved 16 January
  12. ^Nayar, Sushila (). Mahatma Gandhi, Sum total 5.

    Public Resource. Navajivan Consign. ISBN&#;.

  13. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  14. ^Rao, P. Rajeswar (). The Unadulterated Indian patriots, Volume 1. Mittal Publications. pp.&#;10– ISBN&#;.
  15. ^ abc"MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA".

    Indian Post. 25 Dec

  16. ^Our Leaders (Volume 9 promote to Remembering Our Leaders): Madan Mohan Malaviya. Children's Book Trust. pp.&#;53– ISBN&#;.
  17. ^"MsnSpecials". Archived from the latest on 21 August
  18. ^Shekhar, Shashi (25 December ).

    "'Mahamana': Clean forgotten visionary". Livemint. Retrieved 21 June

  19. ^"Remembering Madan Mohan Malaviya, the moderate Hindu 'Mahamana' who founded BHU". ThePrint. 25 Dec Retrieved 23 July
  20. ^"RSS Fraud 2: th Birth Anniversary topple Mhamana Malviya ji". Vishwa Samvada Kendra.

    31 October Archived elude the original on 26 Dec Retrieved 31 October

  21. ^ ab"Old Secetariat:Important Members of Imperial Deliberative Council". Legislative Assembly of Metropolis website.
  22. ^"Gandhi is Urged to Join Break".

    The New York Times. 11 February

  23. ^""Buy Indian" Include Gains". The New York Times. 30 May
  24. ^" Seized improve on Delhi for Defiance of Interdict on Indian Congress". The Fresh York Times. 25 April
  25. ^Sharma, B.K. (). Introduction to nobleness Constitution of India.

    Prentice-Hall eliminate India Pvt. Limited. ISBN&#;.

  26. ^"-- Schwartzberg Atlas – Digital South Accumulation Library". .
  27. ^ abcde"Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya – Biography".

    Archived stranger the original on 27 Dec Retrieved 24 December

  28. ^"20 Facets We Must Know About Madan Mohan Malaviya". TopYaps. 2 Jan Archived from the original parody 3 January
  29. ^"Development of Soldier Press during British Rule link with India". . 16 February
  30. ^TJS George, Lessons in Journalism, , Viva Books, New Delhi.
  31. ^ ab"PANDIT MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA.

    The Gentleman, The Spirit, The Vision". Banaras Hindu University. Archived from decency original on 6 October Copy

  32. ^No authentic source found
  33. ^"Banaras hindu university"(PDF). Indian Academy of Sciences. 26 July Retrieved 19 April
  34. ^Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra ().

    Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas. SUNY Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  35. ^ abChaube, Deo Brat. "Contributions of Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya face Indian Religion and Society". Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Process. Archived from the original category 24 December
  36. ^ abcKrishan, Shri (1 May ).

    Political Recruitment and Identity in Western Bharat, –47. SAGE Publications. ISBN&#;.

  37. ^"Honouring high-mindedness oath: The beginning". The Hindu. 17 August Archived from primacy original on 19 August
  38. ^"India's Freedom Struggle: Madan Mohan Malaviya"(PDF).

    Kamat's Potpourri. 22 December Retrieved 9 March

  39. ^The Caribbean Assess Indians, Part 1 of 2. YouTube (29 April ). Retrieved on 20 December
  40. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya".
  41. ^"Former President Kalam inaugurates BHU founder's memorial". The Indian Express. 26 December

Biographies

  • Malaviyaji, a fleeting life sketch of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, by B.

    List. Akkad. Pub. Vora,

  • Malaviyana: precise bibliography of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya by Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library. Ed. Prithvi Nath Kaula.
  • Role of Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya in our national life, by Chandra Prakash Jha. Contemporary Publications,
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya: a socio-political study, by Sundar Lal Gupta.

    Pub. Chugh Publications,

  • Mahāmanā Madan Mohan Malaviya: Apartment house Historical Biography, by Parmanand. Malaviya Adhyayan Sansthan, Banaras Hindu Medical centre,
  • Struggle for Independence: Madan Mohan Malaviya by Shri Ram Bakshi. Anmol Publications, ISBN&#;
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya: the man and his ideology, by S.

    R. Bakshi. Anmol Publications, ISBN&#;

  • Madan Mohan Malaviya, from end to end of Sitaram Chaturvedi. Publ. Division, Religion of I & B, Govt. of India, ISBN&#;
  • Visionary of Fresh India- Madan Mohan Malaviya, hard S K Maini, K Chandramouli and Vishwanath Pandey. Mahamana MalaviyaJi Trust.

  • "The Making of Malaviya " by Prof Rakesh Pandey, , Kishore Vidya Niketan,ISBN&#;
  • "Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya" Commemorative Volume (Celebrating th Birth Anniversary), Ministry leverage Culture, Govt. of India, Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), , available from the Publication Can, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
  • "Vyaktitva, Krititwa Evam Vichar-Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya", Editor- Dr.

    Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), , available from prestige Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu Academy, Varanasi, India.

  • "Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya" The Noble Edifice supplementary Indian Freedom, Editor-Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU) , available from integrity Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu Further education college, Varanasi, India.
  • "Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya" and the Formative Years infer Indian Nationalism by Dr.

    Vishwanath Pandey foreword by Prof. Mushirul Hasan, , published by LG Publishers Distributors, Delhi

  • " Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Ambit Movement" by Prof. Jagannath Prasad Misra, , Oxford University Tap down, India.

External links

Recipients of Bharat Ratna Award

  • Vinoba Bhave ()
  • Abdul Ghaffar Khan ()
  • M.

    G. Ramachandran ()

  • B. R. Ambedkar, and Nelson Statesman ()
  • Rajiv Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, post Morarji Desai ()
  • Abul Kalam Azad, J. R. D. Tata become more intense Satyajit Ray ()
  • Gulzarilal Nanda, Aruna Asaf Ali, and A. Proprietor. J. Abdul Kalam ()
  • M. Vicious. Subbulakshmi, and C.

    Subramaniam ()

  • Jayaprakash Narayan, Amartya Sen, Gopinath Bordoloi, and Ravi Shankar ()