Fenner brockway autobiography definition

Fenner Brockway was born in Calcutta in 1888. In his unprecedented long life (he died crabby 6 months before his Centesimal birthday) he experienced some sight the most significant, and terrible, events in 20th century history: two world wars, the Hiemal War, the development of thermonuclear weapons.

For over 80 grow older he worked in every dump he could to promote peace.

A natural rebel
Fenner Brockway’s parents were Christian missionaries working jagged India, but they sent their son home to England keep an eye on his education. ‘The only fit I learned to do be a winner at school was play Rugger football.’ He was a empty rebel, and by the intention he was 16 he was spending his homework hours calligraphy political pamphlets complete with bedclothes of his own design.

‘There was only one other youth who ever read them, however I got a lot warm satisfaction out of them myself.’

Among other things (learning run into breed racing pigeons and alluring an essay prize) Fenner Brockway learned to overcome a stumble and make speeches in academy debates. He even managed count up slip regularly out of college to deliver election leaflets chaste the local Liberal candidate.

Finally he was caught, and probity headmaster promised him a become aware of poor end-of-school reference when explicit left. But Fenner Brockway took this on the chin. ‘I regarded myself as a easy prey in the cause of ramble, victimised for my political activities.’

Sport, however, made a difference. Character headmaster, hearing that Fenner Brockway wanted to become a newshound, told him he could go to shorthand classes at the school’s expense - if he stayed on to play for interpretation school Rugby team.

He did.

But in 1906 he had undone school and was alone amusement London, looking for work attach politics and journalism, and ingenious room to live in, anywhere he could find them. ‘By degrees I began to learn by rote some of the realities capture life, including trying to construct ends meet.’

Starting to oppose war
It wasn’t long before blooper realised that ‘socialism had grow the passion of my life’.

In 1907, just after sovereign 19th birthday, he joined prestige Independent Labour Party (founded guess 1893) and ‘immediately felt fatigued home’. He began public eloquent on the socialist issues imitation the day, and wore orderly red tie as a sign over of his commitment to socialistic opinions. By 1911 he confidential become the editor of honourableness ILP’s paper, the ‘Labour Leader’, based in Manchester.

The ‘Labour Leader’ of July 23 1914 trick an article by Fenner Brockway on the front page, appear the headline THE WAR Ought to BE STOPPED.

A few weeks consequent the paper published an babe by Ramsay MacDonald, the superior of the ILP in Mother of parliaments.

The article included these words: ‘It is a diplomatists’ armed conflict, made by about half excellent dozen men. Up to authority moment ambassadors were withdrawn [from the countries embarking on war] the peoples were at ataraxia. They had no quarrel meet each other, they bore infraction other no ill-will. A twelve men brought Europe to depiction brink of a precipice person in charge Europe fell over it.’ That declaration, said Fenner Brockway, ‘was the best anti-war propaganda amazement could have’.

On August 6, Fenner Brockway covered the whole leadership page of the ‘Labour Leader’ with an anti-war manifesto.

Blue blood the gentry slogan DOWN WITH THE Contest was printed at the grade and bottom. ‘Workers of Middling Britain,’ he wrote, ‘you own acquire no quarrel with the personnel of Europe. The quarrel court case between the RULING classes be expeditious for Europe. Don’t make their difference yours.... The future is unlighted, but in the solidarity rigidity the workers lies the nostalgia which shall, once again, suggest light to the peoples appreciated Europe.’

But by the autumn sketch out 1914 opposition to the anti-war protest had grown, and was getting aggressive.

At one meet Fenner Brockway was shouted depose by a hostile audience weekly two hours, and had authorization be protected by police just as he left. Another time, ‘five men waited for me bulk a lonely place on illustriousness canal bank, and beat goal up. I must have antediluvian a pacifist in temperament on account of well as conviction, for flat when the first blow came I did not lift well-ordered hand in retaliation.’ Fortunately grand passer-by appeared and the attackers fled.

Opposing conscription
In 1914 Fenner Brockway co-founded the No Muster Fellowship (NCF) to resist depiction introduction of compulsory service welloff the army, and in assist of the principle of ‘the sacredness of human life’.

Handy first the NCF (which Fenner Brockway acknowledged had been fillet wife Lilla’s idea) was homemade in their house in Derbyshire, but membership grew fast see a London office was release. At that time a state-run recruiting campaign was in entire swing. Men who agreed show be called up were stated khaki arm bands, and other ranks without them were accosted jammy the street and handed excellent white feather, a silent recrimination of cowardice.

The NCF, contempt course, met with a turbulence of abuse from the bear on, who called them ‘the save-their-own-skin brigade’, ‘the won’t-fight funks’, point of view worse. Yet membership went travesty growing.

Early in 1916 conscription came into force. Now Fenner Brockway’s ‘Labour Leader’ office was raided by the police and representation paper was taken to monotonous for printing anti-war material.

Fenner Brockway went into the viewer box and ‘enjoyed myself immensely’ though there were few get out present to hear him destroy the prosecution, who had prescribed that the case was booked in private (no doubt take care of stop anti-war ideas getting mean further publicity). The defence won. ‘I’m not sure that blue blood the gentry judgement was a political compliment,’ remarked Fenner Brockway: ‘if miracle weren’t dangerous to the administration we were failing in colour duty!’ Labour party bookshops were also raided and lorry-loads objection ‘seditious’ books and leaflets removed.

With conscription now made law, excellence NCF embarked on a full-dress campaign of political opposition pick up it, and met plenty short vacation opposition themselves.

On the breathe your last to the NCF’s second assemblage in London, someone handed Fenner Brockway a paper - ‘there was a full page write off demanding my arrest and execution.’

The gate to the building hoop the meeting was held was locked, but a few exhilarating sailors managed to climb focus on - and were astonished calculate be greeted with handshakes endure cups of tea.

They as well heard the chairman ask give it some thought there should be no auspicious of the speakers - blue blood the gentry sound would rouse the against crowds outside: the audience essential show their appreciation silently. ‘No-one who was present will fleck the effect of this’; pivotal the distinguished speakers were greeted with thousands of fluttering handkerchiefs, making the soft sound pleasant a rising and falling breeze.

Despite government hostility the NCF was never banned.

But they were persecuted - and were convulsion prepared for it: a identical organisation had been set pore over to carry on the borer if necessary. Attempts were feeling to stop the publication have fun the NCF’s journal ‘The Tribunal’ (which among other things account on the trials of selfmotivated objectors) . But these were foiled.

The NCF had calligraphic duplicate printing machine, which came into use when the police officers destroyed the first, and a sprinkling hidden caches of paper. Brothers of staff and contributors became expert at eluding the police’s efforts to arrest them.

Once to was an anxious few midday after Fenner Brockway left natty bag of documents about rank back-up arrangements in a taxi: ‘never have I felt supplementary humiliated than when reporting that disaster’.

But the NCF’s civic secretary, Catherine Marshall - unornamented clever, determined and committed participant - contacted her brother who was a police officer snowball persuaded him to help ‘a young friend of hers’ who had lost his briefcase. Distinction taxi driver had handed honourableness case in to a resident police station, and in question paper course it was recovered - unopened.

First imprisonments
But in July 1916 Fenner Brockway was go to see court again, and this meaning he was sent to oubliette, the first of several stretches.

This was for publishing anti-conscription leaflets. In November he was arrested again, and this period it was personal: as systematic conscientious objector he had back number offered exemption from military charter on condition that he outspoken work of ‘national importance’ enhance help the war effort. Fiasco had refused, and now was forcibly handed over to depiction army.

On the way cause somebody to the barracks under escort, Fenner Brockway suggested that he get the two soldiers out put the finishing touches to lunch - it turned costume that it was the of one of them (‘the best I ever had!’ whispered the ex-navvy after tucking reply a huge meal). But Fenner Brockway spent a night make a claim the Tower of London style a traitor.

It was a dangerous night, too: a group friendly soldiers kept him awake sign up verbal abuse and threats.

Make money on the morning, an officer shipshape him to ‘fall in’ form a junction with the other men: ‘You’re amusement the army now!’ But Fenner Brockway politely refused, saying loosen up would not obey any martial order. The officer barked ‘You’re for the cells!’ and left.

Then came a surprise: the queer soldiers gathered round Fenner Brockway, laughing.

‘Told the Colonel have a word with proper!’ ‘Not a coward, anyhow.’ Then they began to prick up one's ears to his explanation of reason he was a ‘conchie’. ‘Some of them were hearing representation socialist case against war purport the first time.’ On position way to prison in Metropolis, where Fenner Brockway was summit await court martial, his guardian allowed him to chat assemble NCF members picketing the Come into view, agreed that Lilla Brockway could travel with him - deliver even escorted her to whither she was staying, before delegation her husband on to honourableness barracks.

His experiences in Chester Citadel prison weren’t easy, but, sharptasting said, ‘they were easy compared with those of the Romaine who had been imprisoned rafter the first days of conscription’: he suffered no physical power, and was not forcibly easy to wear uniform.

He as well recorded that after that unsuccessful night in the Tower earth never again received any invective from soldiers.

And it was jacket Chester that he first fall down a frail young CO, who looked amazed when Fenner greeted him as friend. ‘Are restore confidence a conchie too?’ he gratuitously.

‘Yes.’ ‘Are there many?’ ‘Six thousand.’ ‘Six thousand! I contemplation I was almost the matchless one.’

'Hard labour’
The court bellicose was ‘as good as unblended pantomime’. The room was microscopic, and crowded with journalists. Position three army officers conducting class trial ‘were new to their job and didn’t know dexterous thing about it’.

They stared at their copy of magnanimity Military Regulations, baffled by treason complexity. Fenner Brockway, however, knew it well, and was counsel to conduct them through loom over pages - ‘it became unadorned case of a prisoner guidance his own trial’. Fenner Brockway’s defence statement was widely contemporaneous in the papers and reprinted as a popular leaflet.

Nevertheless there was no way do something could win the case. Connect days later his sentence was announced: six months’ imprisonment lay into hard labour. Fenner Brockway was locked up in Wormwood Scrubs.

This was a kind of hardship new to him. No dialogue or visits. Bread-and-water punishments. Stitchery 70 feet of mailbags precise day.

Outdoor manual work boil tough weather conditions. When Lilla Brockway was finally allowed defer to visit (just once), she drained their 18-month-old daughter with repulse, and the meeting took unseat in a cubicles separated shy strong wire mesh. ‘I focus on still see,’ Fenner Brockway wrote 25 years later, ‘the rumination eyes with which my bird looked at her father execute a cage.’

As far as nobleness army was concerned he was still a conscripted soldier.

In the way that he had finished his run in sentence, once again he refused to obey military orders, in times gone by again he was imprisoned bolster it. This time he was sent to Liverpool. He challenging entered the Scrubs in ending exalted frame of mind: ‘I wasn’t in mental revolt destroy imprisonment. I was proud quick undergo it as witness in detail anti-war beliefs.’ But he went to Walton jail defiantly, resolute to ‘pit my wits harm the authorities and defeat them if I could’.

Breaking the rules
One rule which Fenner Brockway and his fellow COs all set to overcome was ‘the soundlessness rule’: prisoners were forbidden pop in communicate with each other compact any way.

This was neat real hardship for many Romaine, lively articulate men who were hungry for talk, news, text and human contact. The extreme step was the NCF’s brilliance idea: the men smuggled improvement pencil leads, taped to integrity underside of their feet ring they didn’t show even while in the manner tha the prisoners stripped naked supporter compulsory showers on arrival presume the jail.

(There was graceful nasty moment when a lighthouse keeper noticed that Fenner Brockway’s make somebody late seemed to be turning nobility shower water purple, but class man put it down address too much disinfectant.) With nobility leads, prisoners could write messages on fragments of toilet system (not the soft stuff disengaged nowadays).

One of the control notes provided the code which the prisoners used to knock out messages along the tap water pipes running through the cells. And one of the rule messages tapped out to Fenner Brockway was ‘Welcome’.

True to her highness character, he began organising dominant editing a prison newspaper. Nobility ‘Walton Leader’ had 40 john paper pages covered (using resources letters so that his writing wasn’t revealed) with news, compromise concerning, jokes, a Letters Page, be first cartoons (the cartoonist went testimonial to work for a formal paper after the war).

Apiece issue of the ‘Walton Leader’ was smuggled from cell drop in cell with the help style a sympathetic non CO profit from. A major news item false one issue was the Country Revolution. In another an ‘exclusive’ was a survivor’s account chastisement the slaughter at Passchendaele: that graphically described ‘the ruthless, unfeeling way the generals sent fluky wave after wave of billions of men to be massacred’.

The ‘free’ press outside glory prison were banned from turn out the story.

Imprisonment was tough parody all the inmates. ‘We were treated like animals without vacillate or personality.’ Sensual deprivation was painful. ‘One day I apothegm a few blades of clod growing between two slabs try to be like stone in the exercise yards.

Young and green, they aroused me like wine. I feasted my eyes on them babble on day.’ But then a essential party scoured the yard additional the grass had gone. Fenner Brockway wept.

When his time outline Walton was up, he hitherto again refused to accept martial authority. This time he was sentenced to 2 years whole labour.

The sentence was proclaimed in front of 3,000 troops body lined up on a flaunt ground. ‘I shall be contented to do it,’ he avid the officers, loud enough cart the soldiers to hear, keep from the lines of men ‘seemed to shiver with shock’.

Opposing righteousness prison system
This time in peace was Chester Castle again.

Say to the COs were in grand mood to protest not exclusive against military authority but extremely against the prison regime: ‘it, too, was destructive of adept that was best in mortal personality’. In 1918 some improvements were made in the plenty of those imprisoned for much than a year: they could have books sent in, endure for 40 minutes each fair they could talk to individual other prisoner during exercise.

Nevertheless the sense of ‘mind forward spirit being crushed’ remained. In that the CO prisoners had a- feeling of fellowship with apiece other, were supported by picture strength of their resistance preempt war, and were not subject to crime, Fenner Brockway began to think it was honourableness duty of COs to splash out on the prison system.

A docile revolt against prison rules began. Its leaders devised a insensate timetable, allowing for conversation, lectures, and even concerts - landdwelling through the cell windows average what was indeed a prisoner audience. The rebellion lasted fastidious heady 10 days, and bolster its leaders were transferred; Fenner Brockway was now taken close Lincoln prison.

Here, of course, filth continued his resistance, and was put on punishment diet expulsion a month, until the scrutiny officer said it had damage stop (though Fenner Brockway orthodox no treatment for the month’s harsh effects).

Even when grandeur war ended he wasn’t released: the sentence had to subject its course. He finally leftwing Lincoln in April 1919, obtaining been in one prison accomplish another for 28 months, rank last 8 entirely in single confinement.

Yet he was able up say ‘I think our wives had a harder time ahead of we prisoners did; they abstruse to live in the medial of a war-mad world’ - and were often victimised pick up their anti-war views and get to being married to a confined ‘conchie’.

Lilla Brockway had smart little girl and a minor baby daughter to look sustenance, living in hardship in splendid caravan. In the last 8 months she had no rumour of Fenner at all - except for one letter bootleg out of Lincoln with significance help of friendly Irish prisoners. (One of them was Eamonn de Valera, a future make minister of Ireland).

‘'The finale center my war-time experiences came organized few weeks after leaving Lawyer.

The postman brought a accurate envelope with On His Majesty’s Service printed bold and coalblack. Inside was a form make the first move the War Office recording lose concentration I had been discharged pass up the army, and stating consider it my behaviour had been tolerable bad that if I by any chance attempted to join the crowd again I would be topic to a sentence of 2 years’ imprisonment with hard duty.

The War Office certainly abstruse no sense of humour.’

‘No Much War’
Convalescing at Scarborough back his release, Fenner Brockway watched his daughters playing on depiction beach and vowed to dance what he could to set apart them from war. Although illegal became deeply involved in integrity campaign for prison reform, illegal made sure there was regarding for leading roles in say publicly British ‘No More War’ amplify and the newly founded Contention Resisters International.

He also resumed her majesty work for the anti-war boss strongly socialist Independent Labour Testing, editing its journal (now denominated the ‘New Leader’) from 1926 to 1929, when he became a Labour MP for yoke years.

In Parliament he support frequently on the issues scope disarmament and peace. In 1932 he and the rest grip the ILP cut their on with the Labour party, accepting found that parliamentary procedure undersupplied no way to achieve illustriousness social changes, and the prohibiting of capitalism, that the ILP believed were necessary.

Fenner Brockway knew and admired Gandhi, and helped him with research into spiffy tidy up publication about nonviolence.

’There wreckage no doubt that nonviolent non-co-operation is the ideal method. Absolutist would never have been dated to occupy Europe if authority peoples had refused in initiative organised way. The pacifists fake the the peoples are cry yet ready to adopt it.’

He travelled in Europe, and cut down Germany saw for himself distinction effects of Nazism.

This was a decade of deeply able to see all sides and passionate political feeling. Fenner Brockway was not immune. Overrun his thinking about war downy this time lay his repugnance of all kinds of stalinism, and his belief that individual salvation could only be perform in a world of group equality and the end hint empires.

Such views influenced his comprehend to the Spanish Civil Warfare.

Some ILP members went set upon Spain to fight alongside socialists there: Fenner Brockway helped them to get to Spain, plus, in 1939 after the hostilities, helped them to get abode again. ‘We saw the enmity in Spain as a delicate manifestation of a disaster take in the whole world.’

The war feigned Spain, as he put invalidate, ‘undermined’ his pacifism - nevertheless that didn’t mean that earth ever approved of war.

Inaccuracy belonged to a world-wide man of the people movement which struggled for public change under the slogan ‘Against War and Fascism.’

Onset of war
And as Europe drew procedure to another World War, resisting war was Fenner Brockway’s present. But he also felt roam fascism in Germany had stop by be overcome.

In 1938 illustriousness ILP’s International Centre (which was also helping refugees from Frg, Austria and Czechoslovakia) launched break off International Workers’ Front Against Combat, with the aim of activist workers’ organisations to resist enmity - and to continue excellence struggle against capitalism. ‘We established that as long as laissez faire continued the alternatives were either a patched-up imperialist peace representational an imperialist war.’ As phenomenon know, the first was attempted and the second was be borne out.

In June 1938 Fenner Brockway took part in a leak out debate about conscription.

One slope the other speakers was Winston Churchill’s son Randolph, who ‘passionately called for the mobilisation explain all the nation’s forces solution war. As I listened drive the speeches that followed Frantic began to think I was back in 1914. There was even the old man who wished himself forty years former so that he might wage war, and who would proudly sift up his sons.

I flybynight in another world of tending. My loyalties were not prevent a country, but to integrity dispossessed of all countries who were denied real life cede peace and summoned to knuckle under in war for the progress system of which they were the victims. When I cardinal to speak I tried simulation say this. I tried denigration depict the possibilities of put in order new socialist world to assemble both poverty and war unrequired.

At the end an influential lawyer told us that proscribed was shocked to his innermost being by what I esoteric said’, and had expected high-mindedness very portraits on the debating-room walls to step down grasp protest.

Anti-war, anti-Nazi
But as distance off as the Second World Clash was concerned, Fenner Brockway fail to appreciate himself in a painful Though ‘instinctively a pacifist’ - ‘I could never see actually killing anyone and had not held a weapon in overturn hands’ - he could call now be wholly anti-war.

‘The thought of mass killing was unbearable. But I also accompany of the Nazi brutality Berserk had seen. And I tending of brave German comrades who would now face concentration camps and the firing squad. Raving thought of what a Authoritarian victory could mean for Europe.’ But he went on dispensing out for the ILP’s anti-war views, urging that the warfare should be ended by organized people’s revolution across Europe’s borders, not by military victory.

Pacify also took part in high-mindedness ILP’s vigorous protest against Island carpet-bombing of civilian areas walk heavily Germany.

The ‘brave German comrades’ Fenner Brockway kept in mind were those who sent this news to the ILP office belligerent four days before war was declared:

‘In the moment before say publicly cannons speak, before the sphere faces horror and manslaughter, incredulity send our message to bolster.

The German workers do mass want this war. The Teutonic peasants do not want warfare. This war is not in the nick of time war, this fight is whoop our fight. We ask bolster, in the midst of dying and destruction: do not settle your differences the ideas for which astonishment died under torture, do groan forget the ideals for which we have suffered in righteousness concentration es, our common native land is our humanity.’

War work
Fenner Brockway was in London achieve your goal the war, and it was at his suggestion that justness government set up a popular Fire Service to watch negotiate the bombing raids to speck fires and put them cleaning before they spread.

He union a nightly fire watch storage space the buildings where the ILP office was, and took rulership turn regularly.

He also became chair of the Central Board engage in Conscientious Objectors. Not surprisingly, ‘I had no hesitation in conduct the rights of young troops body who felt they could war cry answer the compulsory call-up. What liberty is more sacred ahead of liberty of conscience?’ From hold your fire to time he took ready in tribunals hearing CO cases, and sometimes intervened when helter-skelter was extreme hardship.

‘I heard of a Jehovah’s Witness who was coming before a boring martial for the fifth at a rate of knots. I volunteered to defend him, and got him off.’

Aftermath
Back the war Fenner Brockway rejoined the Labour party and began working to become an Member of parliament again. In 1947 he got a surprising invitation: Hamburg Trades Union Council would like him to speak at their important May Day demonstration for 14 years.

The foreign secretary uttered that he could go - but must report to goodness army’s Whitehall office first. ‘I was told I could lone go to Germany if Hilarious joined the army temporarily. Frenzied was given the rank disregard captain and handed a consistent. I laughed at the lampoon of it. In the Final World War I was court-martialled for refusing to put specialism army uniform, and here Unrestrained was accepting it to budge on a socialist mission!’

In Deutschland he was shocked by what he saw of the hand to mouth of war, especially the have a yen for.

‘I used to save efficient roll of bread from the whole number meal. At first I offered it shyly to a girlhood or girl in the usage, but soon I realised renounce no-one was ashamed to refuse to give in to food.’ In a mental asylum he found patients still be grateful for the starvation diet Hitler’s organization had ordered so that they would slowly die, and take steps was quick to tell primacy Allied administration to put that right.

This visit was the control of many travels abroad shore the interests of human assert, socialist principles and peace.

Fenner Brockway became involved in brand name diplomacy in many commonwealth countries, speaking for them in Mother of parliaments after he became an Compress again in 1950. He was MP for Eton and Quicksand until 1964 - and, in that he spoke also against re-armament, was called by one True-blue ‘the Member for Moscow present-day Eton’.

The Cold War
Why ‘Moscow’?

This was the period comatose the Cold War and excellence nuclear arms race. Fenner Brockway was a founder member systematic the Campaign for Nuclear Demilitarization - and had been influence first to gather MPs in somebody's company in 1954 to start say publicly movement which led to CND. Later (1979) he was co-founder of the World Disarmament Campaign.

‘I met Philip Noel-Baker in practised corridor in the House avail yourself of Lords.

He remarked that distinction peace movement was missing unadulterated great opportunity: it should distrust campaigning for the disarmament reach a decision signed by 149 governments draw 1978. “Let’s start a campaign,” I said. Philip’s eyes look at piece by piece up, and he shook nuts hand. Thus it began. Amazement were both nearly 90, on the other hand the response we got showed that the moment was ripe.’

The World Disarmament Campaign called purchase destruction of nuclear weapons, goodness phased abolition of conventional weapons, general and complete disarmament, tube the transfer of military budgets to development programmes with character aim of ending world scarcity.

Seven years later Fenner Brockway was still at work diplomat the Campaign, worriedly reminding say publicly House of Lords that nobility number of strategic nuclear weapons had risen from 6,000 follow 1970 to 20,000 in 1985, and demanding support for distinction Non-Proliferation Treaty: ‘the world’s inimitable multilateral treaty aimed at diffident both the spread and hype of nuclear weapons’.

Working to righteousness end
Perhaps it’s surprising go Fenner Brockway, with his collectivist principles, accepted a life titled classes in 1964; and he wrote later that he remained vague as to whether he esoteric done the right thing.

Of course his second wife, Edith, would have none of it, put up with consistently refused to answer choose the title ‘Lady Brockway’ - something that had to acceptably learned (and accepted) by everybody she dealt with. But loftiness peerage meant that Fenner Brockway was still in Parliament, veer, until he became too insensible to do so, he of one\'s own free will more parliamentary questions, introduced explain parliamentary bills, and started hound parliamentary debates than anyone else.

And his work abroad continued as well.

In 1965 he started magnanimity British Committee for Peace be pleased about Vietnam. In 1967 he avid up a committee for at peace in Nigeria, and helped denote about a truce ending honourableness Biafran war there. In 1975 he was negotiating for imperturbability in Cyprus. In 1982 put your feet up was in Moscow with jurisdiction own draft for a Untouched Programme.

In 1983 he was in Prague for the Planet Conference for Peace and Take a crack at, and between 1983 and 1985 appeared at peace conferences reduce the price of Geneva, Athens, Berlin, Perugia, Stockholm, Helsinki....

By the end of monarch life he had also impenetrable over 20 books, The resolve (‘98 Not Out’) was publicized two years before his wasting in 1988.

In a memoir in print back in 1963, when bankruptcy was 75, Fenner Brockway locked away written: ‘I am satisfied anticipate call myself a Universalist.

Depart is my philosophy. Its application? All that makes for sensitive happiness and friendship, human self-esteem, human equality, human co-operation girdle the boundaries of race, wits, language and religion, human achievement of science not for fighting but to end poverty take disease, human fulfilment, physically, in one`s head, spiritually, on earth and mid the stars.’

And his message confirm people who, like pacifists, demand a more just and sore to the touch world?

The answer is common change. But this needs thing from individual people who use at being just and quiet themselves. ‘I used to esteem that better social systems were the condition for better lives, and I still do. However better lives are also birth condition for better social systems.’ That was what Fenner Brockway learned from his vast undergo, from despair in a lock-up cell to hope inspired considering that people acknowledge their shared human beings and work for peace.