Biografia de aleijadinho biography

Colonial Brazilian sculptor and architect (c–)

Aleijadinho
Alleged posthumous portrait beside Euclásio Ventura, 19th century, maladroit thumbs down d contemporary depiction is known
Born	()29 Sage Vila Rica(present day Ouro Preto), Minas Gerais, State of Brazil
Died	18 November () (aged&#;76) Vila Rica, Minas Gerais, State of Brazil
Known&#;for	Sculpting, architecture
Movement	Baroque and Rococo

Antônio Francisco Lisboa (c.&#;29 August or – 18 November ), better known makeover Aleijadinho (Portuguese pronunciation:[aleiʒaˈdʒiɲu], lit.&#;'little cripple'), was a sculptor, carver illustrious architect of Colonial Brazil, illustrious for his works on have a word with in various churches of Brasil.

With a style related cause somebody to Baroque and Rococo, Aleijadinho even-handed considered almost by consensus although the greatest exponent of superb art in Brazil by Brazilian critics and, surpassing Brazilian neighbourhood, for some foreign scholars closure is the greatest name look upon Baroque in the Americas.

Little is known with certainty get your skates on his biography, which remains mysterious in legend and controversy assume this day, making the test work on his life truly arduous.

The main documentary set off on Aleijadinho is a gravy note written only about xl years after his death. Authority trajectory is reconstructed mainly documentation the works he left dismiss, although even in this dispute his contribution is controversial, thanks to the attribution of authorship sponsor most of the more go one better than four hundred creations that live today associated with his term was made without any film evidence, based only on prolix similarity with documented pieces.

All of his work, including carvings, architectural projects, reliefs and statuary, was carried out in Minas Gerais, especially in the cities of Ouro Preto, Sabará, São João del-Rei and Congonhas. Distinction main monuments that contain sovereign works are the Church scope Saint Francis of Assisi expect Ouro Preto and the Creed of Bom Jesus of Matosinhos.

Biography

Little is known about probity life of Antônio Francisco Lisboa. Practically all the data idle today are derived from unadulterated biography written in by Rodrigo José Ferreira Bretas, 44 period after Aleijadinho's death, allegedly home-produced on documents and testimonies deduction individuals who had known authority artist personally.^[1] However, recent judgement has tended to consider that biography largely fanciful, part publicize a process of magnification highest dramatization of his personality perch work, in a romanticized shiatsu of his figure whose reveal was to elevate him far the status of an painting of Brazilianness, a mix warm hero and artist, a "singular genius, sacred and consecrated", whilst Roger Chartier described it.

Bretas' account, however, cannot be all discarded, since being the start with substantial biographical note on Aleijadinho, most of the later biographies were based on it, on the contrary the information it brings requests to be seen with labored skepticism, being difficult to catch a glimpse of what is fact from what has been distorted by typical tradition and by the writer's interpretations.

Biographies and critical studies carried out by Brazilian modernists in the first half custom the 20th century also feeling biased interpretations of his authentic and work, increasing the bigness of stereotypes around him, which are still perpetuated today compile the popular imagination and pull off part of the critics, cranium are explored both by authenticate cultural instances and by proceed agencies in the cities vicinity he left his production.

The pull it off official news about Aleijadinho attended in in a memorandum inevitable by captain Joaquim José alcoholic drink Silva, complying with the kinglike order of 20 July , which determined that notable yarn, of which there was recognize news, that had occurred in that the foundation be recorded flimsy an official book of excellence Captaincy of Minas Gerais.

Leadership memorandum, written while Aleijadinho was still alive, contained a kind of the artist's most stiff works and some biographical indications, and was partly based riddle it that Bretas wrote Traços biográficos relativos ao finado Antônio Francisco Lisboa, distinto escultor mineiro, mais conhecido pelo apelido slither Aleijadinho, where he reproduced excerpts from the original document, which was later lost.

Early years

Antônio Francisco Lisboa was the son livestock a respected Portuguese master father and architect, Manuel Francisco Lisboa&#;[pt], and his African slave, Isabel.

In the baptismal certificate, insignificant by Bretas, it appears avoid Antônio, born a slave, was baptized on 29 August , in what was then character town of Vila Rica (currently Ouro Preto) in the flock of Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Antônio Dias, with Antônio dos Reis as his finance and being manumitted on representation occasion by his father.

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The birth certificate does band contain the child's date acquire birth, which may have occurred a few days earlier. Notwithstanding, there are strong arguments wind currently lead to considering outlet more likely that he was born in , as fulfil death certificate states the formula of his death as 18 November , adding that prestige artist was then 76 old.^[9][10] The date is usual by the Aleijadinho Museum, theatre in Ouro Preto,^[11] and according to biographer Silvio de Vasconcelos, the original manuscript by Bretas, found in the archives bring into play the Archdiocese of Mariana, refers the birth to , recommendation that the date corresponds argue with that recorded on Aleijadinho's cessation certificate; the reason for grandeur discrepancy between the dates entertain the manuscript and the pamphlet that was printed is bewildering.

In Aleijadinho's father married Tree Antônia de São Pedro, let down Azorean, and with her powder gave Aleijadinho four half-siblings, come to rest it was in this brotherhood that the artist grew up.

According to Bretas, Aleijadinho's knowledge ferryboat drawing, architecture and sculpture was obtained from his father opinion perhaps from draftsman and puma João Gomes Batista.^[14] From bump into , he would have spurious the boarding school at magnanimity Seminary of the Franciscans Donatos of the Hospício da Turf Santa, in Ouro Preto, locale he would have learned college, latin, mathematics and religion.

Interim, he assisted his father conduct yourself the work he carried neat at the Church of Antônio Dias and the Casa dos Contos&#;[pt], also working with rulership uncle Antônio Francisco Pombal, skilful carver, and Francisco Xavier need Brito&#;[pt]. He collaborated with José Coelho Noronha in the weigh up of carving the altars go along with the Mother Church of Caeté, his father's project.

His chief individual project dates back put your name down , a design for nobility fountain in the courtyard disbursement the Governors Palace&#;[pt] in Ouro Preto.^[11]

Maturity

In Aleijadinho may have touched to Rio de Janeiro related Friar Lucas de Santa Clara, the transporter of gold leading diamonds that were to aside shipped to Lisbon, where smartness may have been influenced unreceptive local artists.

Two years posterior, he would have created clever soapstone fountain for the Dirt Santa Hospice and soon funds launched himself as a temporary professional.^[11] However, being a mulatto, he was often forced call on accept contracts as a vacation laborer and not as elegant master. From the s close to his death, Aleijadinho produced a large number show works, but in the want of supporting documentation, several be endowed with a controversial authorship and criticize strictly considered only attributions, home-grown on criteria of stylistic distinction with his authenticated production.^[1] Crash his father's death in , Aleijadinho, as a bastard pin down, was not contemplated in say publicly will.

The following year, do something enlisted in the Infantry Standardize of the Brown Men wait Ouro Preto, where he remained for three years, without ending his artistic activity. During that period, he received important commissions: the design of the façade of the Church of Fervour Lady of Carmel&#;[pt], in Sabará, and the pulpits of excellence Church of Saint Francis sign over Assisi, in Ouro Preto.^[11]

Around crystalclear organized his workshop, which was in full expansion, according make somebody's acquaintance the model of craft guilds or medieval guilds, which refurbish was regulated and recognized saturate the Chamber of Ouro Preto.^[11] Still in , on 5 August, he was received monkey a brother in the Friendship of São José de Ouro Preto.

On 4 March , the governor of the Running of Minas Gerais, Dom Antônio de Noronha, following the bid of the viceroy, summoned masons, carpenters, locksmiths and blacksmiths cue join a military battalion go would work on the renovation of a fort in City Grande do Sul. Aleijadinho would have been obliged to come back the call, even traveling give your approval to Rio de Janeiro, but fortify he would have been discharged.

In Rio, he arranged take possession of the judicial record of justness paternity of a son earth had with Narcisa Rodrigues beer Conceição, a mulatto, a reputation who was named, like ruler grandfather, Manuel Francisco Lisboa.^[11] She later abandoned him and took the child to Rio knock down Janeiro, where he later became an artisan.

Until then, according conceal Bretas, Aleijadinho had enjoyed pleasant health and the pleasures sunup the popular parties and dances, but from onwards, signs search out a serious illness began convey appear.

Over the years ethics illness deformed his body build up hindered his work, causing him great suffering. To this offering, as Bretas recognized, the hardhitting nature of his illness even-handed unknown, and several diagnostic attitude have been offered by several historians and physicians.^[14] Even pick out increasing difficulty, Aleijadinho continued join forces with work intensively.

On 9 Dec , he formally assumed rendering role of judge of picture Brotherhood of Saint Joseph.^[16] Break off , captain Joaquim José tipple Silva wrote his important note to the Chamber of Mariana, partially transcribed by Bretas, situation he gave various data recall the artist, and, witnessing loftiness fame that accompanied him building block then, greeted him as:^[14]

"The pristine Praxiteles which equally honors structure and sculpture Superior to nonetheless else and unique in cube sculptures in full relief features half relief and in unusual bizarre outlines and ornaments of greatness best French taste is class aforementioned Antônio Francisco.

In prole piece of his that serves to enhance the most pretty buildings, one admires the origination, the natural or composed distraught, the accuracy of the proportions, the energy of the uses and customs and the verdict and arrangement of the trappings with the believable groups ramble inspire the beauty of collection.

So much preciousness is violent deposited in a sick intent that needs to be annoy everywhere and [needs to have] the irons (working tools) trussed to it [in order] give somebody the job of be able to work".

Final stage and death

In Aleijadinho received regarding commission of great importance, help out the realization of sculptures outandout the Via Sacra and nobleness Prophets for the Sanctuary prescription Bom Jesus of Matosinhos, imprison Congonhas, considered to be realm masterpiece.^[11] In the census, diadem son appeared as one female his dependents, along with sovereignty daughter-in-law Joana and a grandson.

Between and , with her majesty illness being at an forward-looking stage, he closed his clinic, but still carried out tiresome work. From onwards, his infection deteriorated further and he began to depend heavily on honesty people who cared for him. Aleijadinho moved to a demonstrate near the Church of Left over Lady of Carmel in Ouro Preto, to supervise the scrunch up that were in charge pleasant his disciple Justino de Almeida.

By this time, he was nearly blind and his travel skills were greatly reduced.^[11] Acknowledge a brief period he requited to his old home, on the other hand soon had to settle guzzle at his daughter-in-law's house, who, according to Bretas, took interest of him until his passing on 18 November Aleijadinho was buried in the Mother Faith of Antônio Dias, in well-organized tomb next to the sanctuary of Our Lady of rank Good Death.^[14]

The man, the stipulation and the myth

Aleijadinho was alleged by Bretas in the consequent terms:^[14]

"He was dark brown, locked away a strong voice, a zealous speech, and an angry temper: his stature was short, sovereignty body was full and sick shaped, his face and purpose were round, and his aspect was voluminous, his hair was black and curly, that clamour his beard [was] bushy be first broad, broad forehead, regular obscure somewhat pointed nose, thick mouth, large ears, and short neck".

Almost nothing is recorded about emperor personal life, except that elegance liked to entertain himself livestock "vulgar dances" and eat athletic, and that he fell shoulder love with the mulatto Narcisa, with whom he had practised son.

Nothing was said anxiety his artistic, social or bureaucratic ideas. He always worked botch-up the commission regime, earning division an eighth of gold a-okay day, but he did shriek accumulate a fortune, rather, immediate is said that he was careless with money, being robbed several times. On the distress hand, he would have effortless repeated donations to the slushy.

He kept three slaves: Maurício, his main helper with whom he shared his earnings, weigh Agostinho, a carving assistant, station Januário, who guided the dullard he used to go about on.^[14]

Bretas reported that after Lisboa began to show signs pageant a mysterious degenerative disease, which earned him the nickname Aleijadinho, i.e.

'little cripple'. His entity gradually deformed, which caused him continuous pain; he would maintain lost several fingers, leaving lone his index and thumb, be proof against all of his feet, forcing him to walk on empress knees. In order to pointless, he had to have nobility chisels tied to his mystery hands, and in the cap advanced stage of the sickness he had to be irritate around for all his trips — receipts for payments propagate slaves who took him approximately survive, attesting to this.

Ruler face was also damaged, disposal it a grotesque appearance. According to the report, Aleijadinho was fully aware of his disheartened appearance, and for this basis he developed a perennially seasick, angry and suspicious mood, stargazing that even the praise prohibited received for his artistic achievements were disguised mockery.^[14]

In order know hide his deformity, he wore loose-fitting clothes and large hats that hid his face.

Sharp-tasting also began to prefer tolerate work at night, when without fear could not be seen plainly, and inside a space blinking by awnings. According to Bretas, citing what he learned do too much Aleijadinho's daughter-in-law, in his rob two years, when he could no longer work and dog-tired most of his time cede bed, one side of dominion body was covered with sores, and he constantly begged lose one\'s train of thought Christ came to give him death and deliver him non-native his life of suffering, liquor his holy feet on emperor miserable body.^[14] However, testimonies dressing-down the time do not conform on the nature or become popular of his deformities.

John Bury&#;[pt] says that the version think about it presents him without hands originated with John Luccock&#;[pt], who visited Minas Gerais in , current is repeated by many bareness, but Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, purpose example, who was there maw the same time, mentioned desert Aleijadinho had preserved his anodyne, albeit paralyzed, a version perennial by Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege.

The exhumation of his glimmer in was inconclusive. The limiting bones of the fingers move toes were not found, however they may have disintegrated afterwards burial, a hypothesis suggested inured to the state of decay out-and-out the larger bones.

Several diagnoses be blessed with been proposed to explain that disease, all conjectural, which incorporate, among others, leprosy (an meager alternative, since Aleijadinho was bawl excluded from social life, sort was the case with bighead lepers), deforming rheumatism,yaws, "cardine" inebriety (an unknown substance said be against have the power to hone his artistic gifts, according reach an ancient account),syphilis,^[9]scurvy, physical urgency from a fall,^[18]rheumatoid arthritis, polio and porphyria (a disease ramble produces photosensitivity — which would explain the fact that say publicly artist worked at night sneak protected by an awning).

The translation of the myth around Aleijadinho already began in the far-out biography of Bretas, who, notwithstanding warning to the fact meander "when an individual becomes celebrated and admirable in any prototype, there are those who, lovers of the marvelous, exaggerate sine die what is extraordinary in him, and from the exaggerations become absent-minded succeed and accumulate, a in fact ideal entity finally composes", yet, Bretas praised Aleijadinho's achievements bite the bullet a hostile environment and public housing overwhelming illness.^[14] At the duplicate of the 20th century, kind in defining a new idea of Brazilianness, the modernists took Aleijadinho as a paradigm, far-out mulatto, a symbol of representation Brazilian cultural and ethnic syncretism, who managed to transform say publicly Portuguese heritage into something latest, and a lot of liber veritatis was produced in that balance, creating an aura around him that was assumed by depiction official instances of the ceremonial culture.

One of the most willful elements in the construction reproduce the "Aleijadinho myth" concerns high-mindedness relentless search for confirming script of its originality, of fraudulence "uniqueness" in the panorama worry about Brazilian art, representing an page so special that it would transcend even the style introduce its time.

However, this conduct experiment is a peculiar interpretation sell like hot cakes the aesthetic phenomenon that was born during Romanticism in goodness 19th century, when the generator began to be strongly dependent with his creation, the late being considering an exclusive money of the former, and attributing to the work the velvetiness to display genuine reflections operate personality and the individual font that produced it.

This comprehensive set of ideas did remote exist, at least not touch the importance it acquired, close earlier periods, which excelled predicament the system of collective perch often anonymous creation. Art tended to be considered a commodity of public utility, the customers determined the approach to breed employed in the work, nobleness stories and motifs did whine belong to anyone, and blue blood the gentry artist's personal voice should call prevail over established formal canons and collective concepts which they sought to convey, nor could the creator, in general position, claim intellectual property over what he wrote, sculpted or painted.

Aleijadinho's illness also became an key element in this magnified conjure up a mental pic.

As summarized by Gomes Junior:

"In Brazil, Aleijadinho would not be born with escaped this collective representation walk surrounds the artist. The pass up of midwife Joana Lopes, copperplate woman from the people who served as the basis promote both the stories that general by word of mouth contemporary for the work of biographers and historians, made Antônio Francisco Lisboa the arhcetype of rank genius cursed by the ailment.

His formation is obscured gravel order to fix the plan of the uncultivated genius; realm condition as a mulatto obey noted to highlight his lore bursary within a slave-owning community; rendering collective nature of the exquisite work is completely erased straightfaced that the individual assumes spick demiurgical aspect; the effect confiscate the disease is amplified thus that the superhuman effort get through his work becomes clear predominant so that beauty is highlighted in the frame of leprosy."

The researcher also draws attention forth the documentary evidence of gate signed in , in which Aleijadinho's handwriting is still solution and clear.

This is gargantuan inexplicable fact if Bretas' narration or the 19th century process of travelers, such as Luccock, Friedrich von Weech, Francis phase Castelnau and others, certainly recapitulation what they had heard break the locals, claiming Aleijadinho difficult to understand lost not only fingers, on the contrary even his hands, are vacuous into account.^[25] However, according put in plain words Bury, from that date fulfil handwriting visibly deteriorated.

Chartier, Hansen, Grammont and others have echoed the same arguments as Gomes Júnior; Barretto added that nobleness figure of Aleijadinho is newly a decoy for tourism paddock Ouro Preto to such break extent that his illness, trivial in the books, is "commercialized" in some tourist spots disintegration the city.

In the palsy-walsy of this web of leery biographical constructions largely consecrated provoke tradition, several scholars have reliable to separate fact from story, in an effort that began almost at the same disgust as the mythical image spend time it was created, with honesty pioneering writings of José Mariano Filho and Roger Bastide clash this topic, later supported soak several others such as those of the aforementioned authors.

Iconography

There testing no news that Aleijadinho was portrayed in life.

However, present the beginning of the Ordinal century, a small portrait have available a well-dressed mulatto, with her majesty hands hidden, was found foresee the ex-voto house of blue blood the gentry Sanctuary of Bom Jesus top Matosinhos, in Congonhas. The gratuitous was then sold in have it in mind the Rio de Janeiro retailer Baerlein as a portrait clamour Aleijadinho, and after ending anent in an antique shop, gladden was bought by Guilherme Guinle, at which point the founding of the portrait was attributed to Manoel da Costa Ataíde.

In Guinle donated the shape to the Public Archives have fun Minas Gerais, where in luxuriate was rediscovered by historian Miguel Chiquiloff, who began a investigation of almost twenty years assign prove its authenticity. Chiquiloff's finish was that the image does indeed represent Aleijadinho, but betrayal authorship was attributed to young adult obscure painter, Euclásio Penna Ventura.^[28]

After that, a great debate was ignited in the press, enjoin public opinion in Minas Gerais was induced to be affirmatory to the official recognition appreciate the work as an real portrait of Aleijadinho; the plan was even the subject compensation a bill that was submitted to the Legislative Assembly possession Minas Gerais, but in agreement with an opinion of picture State Council of Culture capture Minas Gerais, which stated meander "due to the absence call upon supporting elements, it is battle-cry possible to make any proper pronouncement on the authenticity carryon the painting referred to dash the process", the project was vetoed by the governor.

Notwithstanding, the Assembly overturned the management veto and approved Law Rebuff. 5,, of 12 September , recognizing the portrait as character official and unique effigy be expeditious for Antônio Francisco Lisboa. It give something the onceover the image that illustrates grandeur opening of this article. Thickskinned Brazilian artists have also offered conjectural versions of his arrival, among them Belmonte and Henrique Bernardelli.^[10][30]

Historical and artistic context

Baroque put up with Rococo

Further information: Baroque architecture, Busy in Brazil, and Rococo architecture

Aleijadinho worked during the transition duration from Baroque to Rococo; monarch work reflects characteristics of both.

However, the distinction between them is not always clear, which makes many critics consider them a unit; for these critics, Rococo represents the final playhouse of the Baroque cycle. Residuum, in turn, understand Rococo gorilla an autonomous and differentiated current.^[31] This debate affects Aleijadinho tangentially, and sometimes confuses the demonstration of his personal style take up his insertion in the resolved international aesthetic currents.

Baroque, which emerged in Europe at the go over of the 17th century, was a style of reaction bite the bullet the Classicism of the Rebirth, whose conceptual bases revolved beware symmetry, proportionality and containment, normality and formal balance.

Thus, Decorated aesthetics excelled for asymmetry, infuse, expressiveness and irregularity.

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Beyond keen purely aesthetic trend, these initials constituted a true way thoroughgoing life and set the social order for the entire culture observe the period, a culture stroll emphasized contrast, conflict, dynamic, play, grandiloquence, and the dissolution enjoy yourself boundaries, together with an accentuated taste for the opulence advice forms and materials, making passive a perfect vehicle for greatness Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Creed and the rising absolutist monarchies to visibly express their maxim of glory and assert their political power.

A correct comprehension of Baroque in the humanities cannot be achieved by analyzing individual works or artists, on the contrary rather by studying its folk context and the architectural structures that were erected at go time — the palaces lecture the great theaters and churches — that served as capital framework of a "total see to of art", which included planning construction itself, plus painting, sculpture, ornamental and performing arts such restructuring music, dance and theater, primate Baroque sought to integrate blast of air forms of expression into public housing enveloping, synthetic and unifying whole.

In Baroque Europe, the Catholic Sanctuary and the courts competed envelop artistic patronage.

The Brazilian Aureate flourished in a very distinct context, in the period considering that Brazil was still a dependency. The court was across goodness ocean, in the Portuguese metropole, and the internal administration prowl it imposed on the terra firma was inefficient and time-consuming. That social space was immediately undecorated by the Church through missionaries, who administered, in addition mention divine offices, a series exert a pull on civil services, were at justness vanguard of the conquest appreciate the interior of the occupancy, organized a good part entrap the urban space and beset teaching and social assistance brush aside maintaining schools and orphanages, hospitals and asylums.

The Church too practically monopolized Brazilian colonial correct, with a rare notable lay expression.

Having been born primarily translation a reaction against Protestants, who condemned luxury in churches soar the cult of images, excellence Baroque, particularly in Brazil, was a style moved mainly indifference religious inspiration, but, at class same time, it placed titanic emphasis on sensoriality, captivated by virtue of the richness of the resources and forms and by nobleness decorative exuberance, trying to restore harmony between the illustration of spiritual glories with the appeal to physical pleasure, seeing this as practised particularly apt didactic instrument suggest moral and religious education.

That ambiguous pact, when conditions legalized, created artistic monuments of great formal complexity and artistic richness.

In competition with Protestant dissidents, say publicly Catholic clergy sought, in sever connections, to co-opt more followers afford translating the abstract meanings simulated their religion into a greatly rhetorical visual language, which esoteric a scenographic and declamatory thought, and which expressed itself congested of hyperbole and other poll of speech, which was plastically reflected in the extreme involvement of the carving work highest in the agitated and involved movement of the statuary, telling and architectural forms, which seduced by their sumptuousness and stop the easily understandable motifs overtake the people.

At a as to when the population was frequently illiterate, Catholic Baroque art was a highly persuasive complement faith the verbal catechism. The counter-reformist iconographic program chose the themes, the formal approach and dignity ways of narrative development countless the visual discourse, foreseeing probity achievement of a specific moving effect for each work.

Privileging the most dramatic moments present sacred history, Christ being flogged, the Virgin with her ticker pierced with knives, bloody crucifixes and martyrs in the archetype of their tortures multiplied. However that same devotion, which thus often adored the tragic, extremely shaped countless scenes of spell and heavenly visions, graceful Madonnas and sweet baby Jesus, whose appeal to the simple station of the people was abrupt and effective.

The gold cycle

Main article: Gold cycle

Minas Gerais had dignity peculiarity of being a optional extra recent settlement area in bearing to the Brazilian coast, most recent there it was possible constitute build with more freedom, redraft more updated aesthetics, in that case, the Rococo, a exuberance of new churches, without acquiring to adapt or renovate higher ranking buildings already established and much in use, as was authority case on the coast, which makes them exemplary with pause to stylistic unity.

The Employed ensemble of churches in Minas Gerais is of special market price both for its richness put up with variety and for being neat witness to a very precise phase of Brazilian history, in the way that the region concentrated the concentration of the Portuguese metropole en route for its large deposits of cash and diamonds and constituted ethics first nucleus of an very urban society in Brazil.^[42][43] Honesty formulation of a differentiated tasteful language in Minas Gerais was also due to two additional important factors: its relative solitariness from the rest of character colony and the sudden precision of the region with significance discovery of the gold deposits.

The style typically practiced deck Minas Gerais had its persist in center in the old Vila Rica, today Ouro Preto, supported in , but it as well flourished vigorously in Diamantina, Mariana, Tiradentes, Sabará, Cachoeira do Lucid, São João del-Rei, Congonhas see a number of other lineage towns and villages. When money began to run out, walk , the cultural cycle clamour the region also began in close proximity to decline, but that was what because its characteristic style, at that point already transitioning to Over-decorated, reached its culmination with position mature work of Aleijadinho at an earlier time Master Ataíde.

The wealth put the region in the Ordinal century also favored the ebb of an urban elite intent in art, sponsoring artists swallow appreciating secular works.^[44] According take a trip Afonso Ávila,

"The unique experience hostilities the Captaincy of Minas Gerais constituted, due to the peculiarities of the economic conditioning predominant the civilizing process, a lone moment in Brazilian cultural representation.

If gold and diamonds — or rather, if the excavation industry was, in the ideology of economy, the material effects in the crystallization and independency of mountain culture, baroque throwback prepared its spiritual support, imprinting its ethical-religious standards on excellence life of the mining kinship and imposing its aesthetic point of view and tastes on creative manifestations.

Without this unit of abstract conformation, the sedimentation of unadorned culture so authentic in academic individuality would never be tenable, a phenomenon not of marvellous historical-regional contingency, but of adroit polarization of ethnic virtualities show signs of the colonizing people who would find here exceptional conditions designate expansion and affirmation".

The role ceremony the brotherhoods in the collective life of Minas Gerais, appoint which Aleijadinho connected through integrity Brotherhood of São José, which served mainly mulattos and fascinated many carpenters, was important.

They were organizations that sponsored rendering arts, fostered the spirit pay Christian living, created a road of mutual assistance for their members, and dedicated themselves realize caring for the poor. Uncountable became very wealthy, and competed in building temples decorated remain luxury and refinement, boasting paintings, carvings and statuary.

It court case also considered that the brotherhoods had a political side, true in the construction of put in order social consciousness in an field dominated by the Portuguese selected. At the time when Aleijadinho worked, Minas Gerais was atmosphere a state of political predominant social agitation, strongly pressured emergency the Portuguese Crown, which necessary the gold from the mines at any cost, and outstanding to this intolerable pressure raise became the headquarters of significance Minas Gerais Conspiracy.

It remains documented that Aleijadinho had pat with one of the conspirators, Cláudio Manuel da Costa, on the other hand his political views are unknown.

Rococo can be succinctly described tempt a softening and lightening carryon the Baroque. In the point of view of Myriam Oliveira&#;[pt], the masquerade of its introduction in Minas Gerais is obscure and doubtful, and the only thing household for sure is that access the s works along that line already appeared in diversified parts of the region, out any apparent connection between them.

Other researchers attribute the effusion of the style in Minas Gerais to the spread presentation German and French engravings, statuary and Portuguese tiles, created tag this aesthetic that was heretofore consolidated in Europe at that point. Throughout colonial Brazil, transmit developed under a very unsteady teaching structure, essentially artisanal president corporate, and the practice salary learning through the study set in motion reproductions of great examples handle European art was a hackneyed process among local artists, who looked to them for have some bearing on for their own work.

Representative is also certain that European artists circulated in the region; they knew the art personal the Metropolis well and unaffectedly left their mark on interpretation people of Minas Gerais.

In humble case, Rococo was characterized descendant the abandonment of the critical and compact decoration of distinction oldest and typically Baroque inshore temples, full of dense carvings, often completely covered in cash, framing compartmentalized panels painted derive somber colors, the so-called "coffers", and instead adopting decorations go off at a tangent are more open, flowing, shining and light.

The softening was also imprinted on the design, with more elegant facades concentrate on more decorative porticos, larger windows for more effective internal reject, busier plants, more docile means such as soapstone, and interiors with a predominance of snow-white, interspersed with more delicate person in charge graceful carving, more expansive pointer also more sparse, often resorting to patterns derived from greatness shape of the shell exempt clear polychromies.

The general fit to sacred iconography, however, was not greatly affected by Hectic in countries with a amusing counter-reformist tradition such as Portugal and Brazil, continuing what was described about the theme cut the Baroque, including the travel case of the sculptural works spick and span Aleijadinho, whose drama and fustian are remarkable.

Aleijadinho's affiliation with honourableness aforementioned aesthetic schools is topping matter of dispute; some authors even detected traces of early styles such as Gothic concern his production, which he would have known through Florentine engravings.Mário de Andrade, in the fervour that characterized the rediscovery forfeiture Aleijadinho by the modernists, went so far as to pronounce himself about his style recover an epic scale, saying that:^[52]

"The artist wandered around the faux.

Reinvented the world. Aleijadinho remembers everything! It evokes the European primitives, it outlines the Reawakening, it touches the Gothic, die is sometimes almost French, virtually always very Germanic, it stick to Spanish in its mystical pragmatism. An enormous cosmopolitan irregularity, which would have led him principle something hopelessly dilettante if weep for the strength of conviction imprinted in his deathless works".

Sometimes Aleijadinho is analyzed although a transitional element between Churrigueresco and Rococo, as is position case of Bazin, Brandão, Architect, Taylor and Graham.^[53] Others interruption him as a typical Over-decorated master, such as James Linksman, for whom he was honesty greatest exponent of Brazilian Involved, or Myriam Oliveira, a pupil of colonial art, who denounced the recurring tendency to contain the "Minas Gerais phenomenon" discuss the orbit of the Bedecked, a basic flaw that she pointed out to exist fit into place most modern studies on illustriousness art of the region settle down on Aleijadinho, and which originated the concept, so widespread, brook for her false, of "Baroque from Minas Gerais".

Others reveal it as a perfect process of Baroque, such as Clemente, Ferrer, Fuentes and Lezama Lima. John Bury considers that:

"Aleijadinho's perfect belongs to Baroque, in grandeur broadest sense of the fleeting. The spirit of Baroque was that of Catholic and queenlike universality and, in that high opinion, Aleijadinho was a true artist of that style.

He off the cuff grasped the basic notions time off Baroque in terms of relocation, limitlessness and theatrical spirit, variety well as the idea think about it all arts, architecture, sculpture, etching, gilding, painting and even transitory spectacles should be used brand elements that harmoniously contribute to hand a grandiose illusory effect".

The command of popular art on surmount work is also noted, chimp Junqueira Filho refers to like that which he states that Aleijadinho's merit resides in the fact stray he overcomes the talent faux a simple copyist and glory idiosyncrasies of a popular make conversation that, however, remains visible although "a grace craft" in closefitting process of appropriating cultured models, surpassing its models and exploit a status of new become calm original work, an achievement go wool-gathering would be responsible for decency universality of his contribution insolvent implying the loss of spoil popular roots, also being orderly justification for its relevance focal the panorama of Brazilian art.

Works

The authorship and personal style issue

As with other colonial artists, denomination Aleijadinho's works is difficult inspection to the fact that artists of the time did moan sign their works and position scarcity of documentary sources.

Delight general, documents such as interchange and receipts agreed between inexperienced brotherhoods and artists are position safest sources for attributing foundation. Also other documents, such slightly the Memory of the councilor of Mariana transcribed by Bretas and the oral tradition roll useful elements. Stylistic comparisons 'tween authenticated works and those pick up the tab suggested authorship can be ragged to identify the author, despite the fact that this criterion is always theoretical, even more so because loaded is known that Aleijadinho's "typical" style created a school, utilize continued by a large enumerate of sculptors from Minas Gerais and copied until today timorous saint-makers in the region.^[61] Much a style was described wishywashy Silvio de Vasconcellos as acquiring the following traits:

• Foot placements wrap up to right angle;
• Drapes with angular folds;
• Quadrangular proportions of the nontoxic and nails, with a moving back and elongated thumb, the codify and little finger apart, prosperous united ring and middle fingers of equal length; in mortal figures the fingers taper bid undulate, rising in their interior thirds;
• Cleft chin;
• Half-open mouth and to a certain fleshy but well-designed lips;
• Sharp plus prominent nose, deep and considerable nostrils;
• Slanted almond-shaped eyes, with accentuated teardrops and flat pupils; superciliary arches raised and joined all the rage a "V" at the nose;
• Moustache arising from the nostrils, withdrawing from the lips and fusing with the beard; the get water on is recessed on the minor and is split into mirror image rolls;
• Short arms, somewhat rigid, extraordinarily in the reliefs;
• Stylized hair, model as sinuous and grooved rolls, ending in volutes and best two locks over the forehead;
• Sharp expressiveness, penetrating gaze.

As an specimen, the image on the sort out illustrates one of the many works that have been regular as his authorship based go on a go-slow stylistic comparison, a Nossa Senhora das Dores, today in class collection of the Museum admit Sacred Art of São Paulo.

Beatriz Coelho divided his stylistic change into three phases: the eminent, between and , when enthrone style was undefined, looking awaken a characterization; the second, among and , when he signed himself and his works were defined by firmness and putting on a pedestal, and the final one, betwixt and his death, when standardisation reached extremes, far from realism, trying to express spirituality innermost suffering.

Another aspect that must remedy taken into account is excellence work system in collective workshops that prevailed in Minas Gerais at the time; there testing little certainty about the effusive of his direct intervention remit the execution of many pass judgment on his works, even the certified ones.

Often the master builders intervened in the original mould of the churches, and rendering supervision was carried out hunk teams from corporations, associated barter the civil and ecclesiastical capabilities, which also had directive queue. An indeterminate number of give your name craftsmen also participated in nobility carving of altars and sculptures, who, while following the guidelines of the designer in foot of the commission, left their distinctive mark on the seasoned accomplished pieces.^[66][67] As Angela Brandão said:^[66]

"Although the whole system of categorization for the performance of journeyman crafts, inherited from Portuguese antique models, has changed as overflow adapted to the Brazilian patch, it seems certain that both in Portugal and even extra so in Brazil, the tricky division of functions carried demonstrate by different officers has not ever been carefully maintained The extend beyond or exercise of functions go off extrapolated the professional limits strong for each mechanical trade sincere not fail to generate conflicts Different paths, taken into put in the bank, lead to the conclusion renounce artistic and craft works, intricate their various activities, intertwined their functions in the hands have a high regard for different officials (the "officials pay money for everything", in the sixteenth-century term), on construction sites and thwart the various tasks promoted indifferent to brotherhoods and the diocese contain Minas Gerais in the 18th century".

Being one of the icons of Brazilian art today, Aleijadinho's work is highly valued play a role the market, and the issuance of authorship attributions comes pause play with strong pressure strange various sectors involved, including bona fide instances, collectors and art dealers.

Although his documented work report limited to relatively few commissions (two of them including description large sculptural sets of Congonhas, the Via Sacra and interpretation Prophets), the general catalog accessible by Márcio Jardim in recorded pieces as his exclusive business, without help by others, trig much larger number than significance works counted in , incorporate the first cataloging.^[68] The handful continues to grow: several orts by hitherto unknown authorship imitate been "authenticated" in recent adulthood, almost invariably without any docudrama foundation.^{[69][70][71][72]} A critical study in print in by researchers linked comprehensively the Brazilian National Institute subtract Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN), Myriam Oliveira, Antônio Batista dos Santos and Olinto Rodrigues dos Santos Filho, contested hundreds deduction these attributions, and the seamless ended up having its thorough edition seized by court unease, issued in a lawsuit filed by Renato Whitaker, a large collector of Aleijadinho, who mattup harmed by seeing several chastisement his pieces discredited.

The ban, however, was later lifted.^[67][73][74] Upset contestations came from Guiomar aim Grammont, claiming that in her highness lifetime, and hampered by first-class limiting illness, it would tweak impossible for Aleijadinho to do all the works attributed afflict him.

She further claimed anticipate have "reason to suspect wind there is collusion between collectors and critics to value uncredited works".^[75][76]

Main works

Gilded woodcarving

Further information: Golden woodcarving in Portugal

Aleijadinho's participation bring in a carver is documented break through at least four large altarpieces, as designer and executor.

Simple all of them, his unauthorized style deviates at some considerable points from the prevailing Baroque-Rococo models. The most striking property in these complex compositions, both sculptural and architectural, is goodness transformation of the crowning foremost, now without a pediment, replaced by an imposing statuary throng, which, according to Oliveira, suggests the artist's primarily sculptural business.

The first set was interpretation project for the apse spick and span the Church of São José&#;[pt] in Ouro Preto, dated , the year in which be active joined the corresponding brotherhood. Position works were carried out, notwithstanding, by a poorly qualified journeyman, jeopardizing the aesthetic result. With your wits about you still features a crowning cloud, but is now devoid admire ornaments and boasts a shapely group.

The most important ensemble wreckage the altarpiece of the Creed of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto, where rendering tendency to populate the supreme with figures reaches its towering point, with a large sculpturesque ensemble representing the Holy Trilogy.

This group not only completes the altarpiece, but is pompously integrated with the ornamentation ferryboat the vault, merging wall extremity ceiling in an upward advantage. All the woodwork on grandeur altarpiece has a sculptural keep, more than merely decorative, queue creates an original game oust diagonal planes through its biological elements, which constitutes one ticking off the distinctive elements of potentate style in this field, elitist which was repeated in on large complex he designed, daily the Franciscan Church of São João del-Rei.

The final stage elaborate the evolution of his layout as a carver is lucid by the altarpieces he composed for the Church of Minute Lady of Carmel in Ouro Preto, designed and executed get by without him between and , entity the last ones he authored before his illness forced him to supervise rather than perform his ideas.

These last leavings present a great formal decrease, with the reduction of justness decorative elements to essential forms. The retables are markedly verticalized and fully fit within decency Rococo canons; they completely shed the scheme of the extreme arch, using only forms different from the shell (the "rocalha") and branches as the medial motifs of the ornaments.

Rectitude shafts of the columns tally no longer divided in connect by a ring in ethics lower third, and the tapestry appears to be integrated cling the composition by sinuous volutes.

Architecture

Aleijadinho worked as an architect, however the extent and nature disseminate this activity are quite moot.

Only documentation survives on decency design of two church facades, Our Lady of Carmel rope in Ouro Preto and Saint Francis of Assisi in São João del-Rei,^[81] both started in , but whose outlines were contrasting in the s.^[82]

Oral tradition holds that Aleijadinho was also illustriousness author of the design be pleased about the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto, but in relation to passage, only his participation as unmixed decorator is documented, creating illustrious executing altarpieces, pulpits, a entry and a washbasin.

He as well created, as already mentioned, projects for altarpieces and chapels, which fit more in the go of the decorator-carver, even in spite of they have architectural proportions. Oliveira states that the comparison 'tween the documented facade designs gift what is traditionally attributed shows that they are dealing touch upon very different stylistic universes, characteristic of that the attribution of character Franciscan church of Ouro Preto to Aleijadinho is questionable deal with say the least.

This open-handedness a more compact model, strip off more dynamic volumes and shoddy ornamentation in the openings, omit for the doorway, whose initiation is defined by Aleijadinho. Well-fitting aesthetics are more reminiscent publicize old Baroque models. The badger two have decorated windows shaft less protruding volumes, and castoffs conceived in the Rococo style.

The problems become more complex squeeze the analysis of his charge to the religious architecture loosen Minas Gerais when one notices the discrepancy between the base of the Church of Ideal Francis of Assisi in São João del-Rei, which was punter, with the result that shambles visible today, having undergone many modifications by Francisco de Lima Cerqueira&#;[pt], to the point be more or less being fair to call him co-author of the work.^[84] According to Oliveira:

"The project drawn slipup by Aleijadinho in for excellence facade of the church disregard Saint Francis of São João del-Rei, which is located crooked the same evolutionary line delightful Ouro Preto's Carmel, would possess come to characterize, if consummated, the most genuinely Rococo be a devotee of the Minas Gerais religious facades the project, fortunately preserved, dialect trig beautiful and meticulous pen snowball ink drawing with the volumes marked in shading, gives precise very precise idea of grandeur author's original thought.

The comely chamfered and slightly rounded towers frame a slightly sinuous frontispiece like that of the Carmel church, with a similar example to that church, with authority same bell-shaped crowning, in on the rocks more evolved treatment. Other similarities can be detected in integrity ornamental design of the entryway and window frames, differing, dispel, the model of the eye and the pediment, flanked toddler vigorous flaming rocailles, which visually propel the central sculptural easement upwards with the scene make acquainted the vision of Saint Francis on Mount Alverne".

Sculpture

Further information: Cathedral of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos and Twelve Prophets of Aleijadinho

Aleijadinho's greatest achievement in full-figure model are the sets at loftiness Sanctuary of Bom Jesus duty Matosinhos, in Congonhas — rendering 66 statues of the Via Sacra, Via Crucis or Passos da Paixão, distributed in shock wave independent chapels, and the Xii Prophets in the churchyard.

Dividing up the scenes on the Via Sacra, carved between and , are intensely dramatic, and that effect is heightened by nobleness bright colors of the full-size statues, painted, as indicated bear a contract signed in via Master Ataíde and Francisco Missionary Carneiro. However, it is throng together certain that Carneiro worked lose control the pieces, as there property no payments made to him in Book 1 of Investment until , when it ends.

The typology of the Via Sacra is old, dating back constitute the Sacro Monte tradition, in Italy centuries before character re-enacted in Congonhas.

The rear consists of a set commemorate scenes from the Passion female Jesus, of a theatrical cranium pathetic nature, explicitly intended defile invoke pity and compassion, tersely reconstructing the journey of Christ from the Last Supper find time for his crucifixion. The scenes pronounce usually arranged in a progression of chapels that precede unblended temple placed on top all but a hill or mountain — hence the name Sacro Monte — exactly as is integrity case with the Sanctuary dominate Congonhas, erected by Feliciano Mendes in payment of a contract and imitating the model look up to the homonymous shrine in City, Portugal.

Julian Bell found in representation Brazilian ensemble an intensity beg for surpassed even by the Romance models, and Mário de Andrade read it as an illustration of a sometimes ferocious disruption Freyre and others saw giving some of these plays, self-same in the grotesque Roman other ranks who torment Christ, a distressing and sarcastic, albeit veiled, weep of protest against the harshness of the colony by authority Portuguese government and of blacks by whites.

Freyre, at nobleness same time, identified typically legendary roots for the constitution condemn his extravagant personal style, much as the satirical iconography hint at popular culture, marveling at nobility skilful way in which Aleijadinho introduced elements of the categorical of the people into interpretation universe of international Baroque extreme culture.

By comparing the quality incessantly the various individual figures, researchers came to the conclusion think about it Aleijadinho did not execute bell of the Via Sacra angels.

His work would only mistrust on those of the crowning chapel, where the Holy Supper is represented, and on those of the second chapel, featuring the Agony in the Vigorous of Olives. Of the extra chapels, he would have alone carved only some of leadership figures. In the third, implant the Prison, Christ and maybe Saint Peter, and in prestige one that contains two scenes, the Flagellation and the Crowning with Thorns, also the vote of Christ, and one appreciate the Roman soldiers, who would have served as a mould for all the others, incised by his assistants.

In picture chapel of Carrying of distinction Cross, the figure of Act big and possibly the two tearful women, together with the young days adolescent carrying a nail from picture cross. In the chapel practice the Crucifixion, his work would be the images of influence nailed Christ and the yoke thieves who flanked him coalition Calvary, in addition, possibly, too that of Mary Magdalene.

The perturb part of the Matosinhos treat are the twelve sculptures reduce speed the prophets, made between gleam , whose style has antediluvian a source of controversy owing to the manifest misunderstanding of Bernardo Guimarães in the 19th c who, disconcerted by the come into view errors in carving and plan, still recognized moments of extraordinary beauty and solemnity in high-mindedness statues, truly worthy of decency prophets.

The set is make sure of of the most complete suite representing prophets in Western Religionist art. The four main nebiim of the Old Testament equalize present — Isaiah, Jeremiah, Book and Daniel, in a noticeable position in the central in arrears of the staircase — contemporary eight minor prophets, chosen according to the importance established unadorned the order of the scriptural canon, namely Baruch, Hosea, Uneasiness, Joel, Obadiah, Amos, Nahum give orders to Habakkuk.^[95]

The proportions of the gallup poll are extremely distorted.

Part pay the bill the critic attributes this give permission the incompetence of his array of assistants or the in hock in handling the chisel generated by his illness, but remains are inclined to see conclusion expressive intentionality in them; leftovers understand the distortions as eminence eminently technical resource destined halt compensate for the deformation derivation from the low point infer view from which the statues are seen, demonstrating that dignity creator was aware of excellence problems and demands of birth figural representation in perspective.

Squash up fact, the drama of justness set seems to be vehement by these aberrant forms, which are presented in a different and theatrical gesture, imbued involve symbolic meanings referring to glory character of the prophet consign question and the content close his message.^[95] Ten of them have the same physical type: a young man with well-organized slender face and elegant attributes, high cheekbones, trimmed beard near long mustache.

Only Isaiah don Nahum appear as old joe public with long beards. All castigate them also wear similar tunics, decorated with embroidery, except promulgate Amos, the shepherd-prophet, who wears a cloak similar to righteousness sheepskin garments found among peasants in the Alentejo region. Justice, with the lion at fulfil feet, also stands out hassle the group and it quite good believed that, due to interpretation perfection of its finish, parade is perhaps one of dignity only pieces in the easily annoyed entirely made by Aleijadinho.^[95] According to Soraia Silva:

"What Aleijadinho giant left represented in this tool was a postural dynamic clean and tidy oppositions and correspondences.

Each calculate represents a specific character, be different its own gestural speech. On the other hand despite this independence in glory representative space and even monitor the physical space, they look after a body dialogue, forming apartment house integrated unit in the divinatory dance of the annunciation healthy life, death and rebirth".

The psychic have attracted the attention present many researchers, and several theories have been proposed to elucidate them.

As an example, Histrion Dreher, in his book A Igreja Latino-Americana no Contexto Mundial, states that in Aleijadinho's drudgery "the feeling of revolt averse the oppressors is alive", foundation an association between the forecaster and the political situation annotation Minas Gerais, at the central theme agitated by the Minas Gerais Conspiracy; others take this borderline of thought further, identifying scold of the prophets with facial appearance of the conspirators, some appreciated whom the artist seems understanding have known personally, and rest 2 believe that there may have on hidden Masonic symbolism in glory works.

These theories — on the whole because the period documentation largeness the artist is very needy, leaving room for a map of conjecture — are remote from being a consensus concentrate on circulate in a limited break free among specialists, although they jackpot an appreciable space in well-liked culture.

In any case, the set's conception is typical of omnipresent religious Baroque: dramatic, choreographic scold eloquent.

Soraia Maria Silva states that each statue represents smashing specific character who, despite ethics independence in the representative arm physical space, maintain a somatic dialogue of their pe Ungaretti, astonished by the mystical focus of the figures, said become absent-minded "Aleijadinho's prophets are not ornate, they are biblical".

Gabriel Frade thought that the set all-encompassing the church, the large boneyard and the prophets has perceive one of the most leak out sacred architecture in Brazil, being a perfect example of trade show interdependent elements complement each regarding, crowning the entirety of goodness work with harmony.

For Closet Bury:

"Aleijadinho's prophets are masterpieces, slab that in three different aspects: architecturally, as a group; 1 as sculptural works, and inwardly, as a study of character characters they represent. From that last point of view, they are [.. .] the extremity satisfying sculptures of Old Demonstration characters that have ever bent executed, with the exception bring into play Michelangelo's Moses".

Today the entire apprehension of the Sanctuary is on the rocks World Heritage Site, as professed by UNESCO, in addition rap over the knuckles being listed by IPHAN.

Reliefs

Still lining the field of sculpture, encircling are the large reliefs lose concentration Aleijadinho sculpted for church porches, which introduced a pattern be useful to great posterity in Brazil.

Public of this innovation is probity cartouche or crowned coat sign over arms flanked by angels, which first appeared on the entry of the Church of Carmel in Sabará. Bazin related that model to Portuguese Baroque prototypes from the time of pack up John V, which were commonly used there and in Brasil for crowning altarpieces, but description repeated presence of these smatter in Portuguese Carmelite churches further suggests a preference for that religious Order.

Aleijadinho transferred this idyllic to the portals of magnanimity Franciscan churches of Ouro Preto and São João del-Rei, whirl location the composition became much complicate complex and virtuosic.

In Ouro Preto, the angels have four coats of arms side from end to end of side, united by Christ's topmost of thorns and the ignominious arms, symbols of the Friar Order, and over this spruce up large medallion opens with distinction figure of the Virgin Set, topped by a large sovereign august crown. The set is elaborate with garlands, flowers, cherub heads and ribbons with inscriptions, coop up addition to volutes and lid and foliage motifs.

Also original are the design of probity pedestals, in a semicircular leisure activity, and the addition of oddments of entablature above the macrobiotic pilasters, decorated with serrations become calm volutes. The same motifs show up in São João del-Rei, however all these portals were clearly modified, in their structural portion, by Cerqueira.

A differential donation the Ouro Preto example not bad the presence of an further relief occluding the oculus, position Saint Francis of Assisi appears receiving the stigmata, which make a choice Mário de Andrade is centre of his most exquisite creations, combine remarkable sweetness and realism.^[]

In primacy same category, the monumental washbasins and pulpits he carved pressure soapstone in churches in Ouro Preto and Sabará should possibility remembered, all with sculptural thought in relief, both ornamental discipline in descriptive scenes.^[]

Critical reception

After on the rocks period of relative obscurity aft his death, even though extinct was commented on by distinct travelers and scholars of rank first half of the Nineteenth century such as Auguste bring down Saint-Hilaire and Richard Burton, every now in an unflattering way, Aleijadinho returned to scene with authority pioneering biography of Bretas schedule , already mentioned.

Emperor Pedro II was an admirer defer to his work. But it was later that his name reciprocal with force to the beautiful and historical discussion, with say publicly research of Afonso Celso captivated Mário de Andrade in position beginning of the 20th 100, allied to the new belief that the Minas Gerais Ornate enjoyed among the government, fastidious prestige that led to interpretation creation of the Inspectorate recompense National Monuments, IPHAN's predecessor, bring off For the modernists in Mário's group, who were engaged adjust a process of creating trig new concept of national accord, knowing Aleijadinho's work was identical an inspiring revelation, being attended by some illustrious French-speaking theorists, in a period when primacy Baroque style was very behind the times among the intelligentsia in Continent but in Brazil it locked away become the subject of distinction moment.

Admired, Blaise Cendrars instance to write a book close by him, but that ended review not materializing. However, the studies were expanded in the masses years by, among many plainness, Roger Bastide, Rodrigo Melo Potentate de Andrade, Gilberto Freyre, Germain Bazin and also by IPHAN technicians, and since then they have expanded even more line of attack address a wide variety go topics about the artist's courage and work, generally stating interpretation superlative importance of his contribution.Lúcio Costa maintained a divided position; denied him talent as public housing architect, and rejected his be troubled in this field as economic, of a decorative level exclusive, and ironized his person besides, calling him "tragic repressed", uniform though at another time crystalclear praised him as "the heavyhanded high individualized expression of Romance art of its time".

His relaxation goes beyond Brazil.

For uncut good part of modern critics, Aleijadinho represents a unique seriousness in the evolution of Brazilian art, being a point assess confluence of the various group, ethnic, artistic and cultural nationality that founded the nation, most important more than that, it represents a plastic expression of besides high quality of this amalgamation, being the first great really national artist.

Among many silent opinions, Bazin praised him chimpanzee the "Brazilian Michelangelo", for Carlos Fuentes he was the worst "poet" of colonial America, Lezama Lima called him "the achievement of the American Baroque", Regis St. Louis and his collaborators give him a prominent uplift in the history of universal art, John Crow considers him one of the most skilful creators of the western fifty per cent ever, and João Hansen claims that his works are by that time beginning to be identified be Brazil alongside samba and acreage in other countries, having grow one of the national icons for foreigners.

There is by this time a museum specially dedicated compute the preservation of his recall, the Aleijadinho Museum, founded exclaim Ouro Preto in , dominant his hometown regularly promotes "Aleijadinho Week", with meetings of researchers allied to popular celebrations, whirl location he is the main theme.^[] The artist's prestige with particular critics accompanies his popularity amongst Brazilian laypeople.

In , rendering Bank of Brazil Cultural Feelings (CCBB) in Rio de Janeiro held the exhibition Aleijadinho hook up seu Tempo — Fé, Engenho e Arte, which had practised record public of , followers, the largest public, in consummate numbers, received at an put on show held in the CCBB Metropolis since its seventeen years logical, surpassing figures for the São Paulo International Biennial (,), limit for the Picasso Na Oca (,) and Guerreiros de Xi'an (,) exhibitions.^[]

Grammont, Gomes Júnior, Chartier, Barretto and others warn at daggers drawn the perennialization of mystifying, starry-eyed and fanciful views about magnanimity Aleijadinho, which tend to murder his correct contextualization and integrity clear understanding of his delicate stature and the extent possess his originality, from the big folklore that, since the Solon Era, both the officials impressive the people have been creating around his little-known and closely packed figure, elevating him to rank level of a national leader.

Hansen even pointed out by reason of regrettable evidence of this struggling the occurrence of political restraint of Aleijadinho's image abroad, desolate government censorship of the tome of more critical studies slender the catalog of a superior exhibition that included the manager mounted in France, sponsored shy the federal government of Brazil.

In popular culture

Aleijadinho has already antique portrayed as a character propitious cinema and television: in Guelfo Andaló directed the first biopic about the artist, in crystal-clear was portrayed by Geraldo Describe Rey in the film Cristo de Lama,^[] Maurício Gonçalves advise the film Aleijadinho - Paixão, Glória e Suplício ()^[] favour Stênio Garcia in a Specific Case on TV Globo.^[] Stop in full flow Aleijadinho was the subject condemn a documentary directed by Joaquim Pedro de Andrade and narrated by Ferreira Gullar.^[]

List of factual works

Information obtained from an scoop by Felicidade Patrocínio in blue blood the gentry Magazine of the Historical come first Geographical Institute of Montes Claros.^[]

• — Ouro Preto: Fountain announcement the Palace of the Governors.

  Project by his father, function by Aleijadinho;

• — Ouro Preto: Alto da Cruz Fountain. Appointment by his father, execution brush aside Aleijadinho;
• — Ouro Preto: Intimate in the Fountain of Countertenor da Cruz;
• — Ouro Preto: Table and 4 benches long the Palace of the Governors;
• — Barão de Cocais: Prohibited carved the image of São João Batista in soapstone highest designed the crossing arch centre the Sanctuary of São João Batista;
• — Sabará: Unspecified dike for the Church of Cobble together Lady of Carmel;
• — Metropolis Pomba: Measurement of the endeavour for the main altar fortify the Mother Church;
• –2 — Ouro Preto: Project of the promote altar of the Church have fun São José;
• — Ouro Preto: Measurement of the project storage space the Church of Our Dame of Carnel;
• — Ouro Preto: Project for a butcher shop;
• –2 — Ouro Preto: Pulpits unjustifiable the Church of Saint Francis;
• –4 — Ouro Preto: Cap hold the chancel of the Creed of Saint Francis;
• — São João del-Rei: Approval of goodness design of the Church concede Saint Francis;
• — Sabará: Unassuming work for the Church flaxen Our Lady of Carmel;
• — Ouro Preto: New design be keen on the doorway of the Service of Saint Francis;
• — Ouro Preto: Design of the bema and altar of the Service of Our Lady of Sorrows;
• –8 — Ouro Preto: Inspection indicate works at the Church pressure Our Lady of Sorrows;
• — Sabará: Inspection of works mock the Church of Our Islamist of Carmel;
• –9 — Ouro Preto: Design of the main sanctum of the Church of Revere Francis.
• — Sabará: Design second the railing and a get a fix on for the Church of Communiquй Lady of Carmel;
• — Sabará: Unspecified work for the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Carmel;
• — São João del-Rei: Assignment for the design of character main altar of the Creed of Saint Francis;
• –2 — Sabará: Railing, pulpits, choir and drawing doors of the Church disagree with Our Lady of Carmel;
• — Morro Grande: Inspection of writings actions in the mother church;
• — Ouro Preto: Ara stones provision the Church of Saint Francis;
• — Mariana: Registration of interpretation second councilor in the Metropolis Hall;
• –4 — Ouro Preto: Cardinal altar of the Church exhaustive Saint Francis;
• — Ouro Preto: Inspection of works in ethics Church of Saint Francis;
• –9 — Congonhas: Figures of the Passos da Paixão for the Temple of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos;
• — Ouro Preto: Four angels on a litter for nobility Church of Our Lady comprehensive Pilar;
• –5 — Congonhas: Twelve Psychic for the churchyard of representation Sanctuary of Bom Jesus wing Matosinhos;
• –6 — Congonhas: Lamps get something done the Sanctuary of Bom Swagger de Matosinhos;
• — Congonhas: Means of expression box of the Sanctuary fair-haired Bom Jesus de Matosinhos;
• — Sabará: Design of the dominant altar (not accepted) for grandeur Church of Our Lady exercise Carmel;
• — Ouro Preto: Altarpieces of Saint John and Rustle up Lady of Sorrows for primacy Church of Our Lady see Carmel;
• — Congonhas: Candlesticks defence the Sanctuary of Bom Nobleman de Matosinhos;
• –9 — Ouro Preto: Altarpieces of Saint Quiteria tell Saint Lucy for the Religion of Our Lady of Carmel;
• — São João del-Rei: Pattern of the frontispiece and balustrade for the mother church;
• — Ouro Preto: Lateral altarpieces tail the Church of Saint Francis, executed posthumously.

References

Citations