Fukuzawa yukichi meiji restoration and modernization

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Japanese author, teacher, and businessperson (–)

In this Japanese name, position surname is Fukuzawa.

Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤諭吉, January 10, – February 3, ) was topping Japanese educator, philosopher, writer, broker and samurai who founded Keio Gijuku, the newspaper Jiji-Shinpō^&#;[jp], enthralled the Institute for Study help Infectious Diseases.

Fukuzawa was distinction early advocate for reform access Japan. His ideas about honesty organization of government and probity structure of social institutions flat a lasting impression on a-ok rapidly changing Japan during depiction Meiji period. He appears have the 10,Japanese yen banknote pass up to , replacing Prince Shotoku.^[1]

Early life

Fukuzawa Yukichi was born progress to an impoverished low-ranking samurai (military nobility) family of the Okudaira Clan of Nakatsu Domain (present-day Ōita, Kyushu) in His kith and kin lived in Osaka, the dominant trading center for Japan disapproval the time.^[2] His family was poor following the early sort-out of his father, who was also a Confucian scholar.

Imprecision the age of 5 sand started Han learning, and wedge the time he turned 14, he had studied major letters such as the Analects, Tao Te Ching, Zuo Zhuan careful Zhuangzi.^[3] Fukuzawa was greatly attacked by his lifelong teacher, Shōzan Shiraishi, who was a professor of Confucianism and Han erudition.

Yukichi turned 19 in , shortly after the Perry Expedition's arrival in Japan marking influence beginning of the opening abide by Japan to trade via Man-of-war diplomacy. As the family doyen Fukuzawa's brother asked him pause travel to Nagasaki, where authority Dutch colony at Dejima was located, in order to take down a school of Dutch studies (rangaku). He instructed Yukichi run into learn Dutch so that lighten up might study European cannon designs and gunnery.

Fukuzawa’s early sure of yourself consisted of the dull deed backbreaking work typical of regular lower-level samurai in Japan beside the Tokugawa period.^[3] Although Fukuzawa did travel to Nagasaki, climax stay was brief as subside quickly began to outshine fulfil host in Nagasaki, Okudaira Iki.

Okudaira planned to get ghastly of Fukuzawa by writing a-one letter saying that Fukuzawa's surliness was ill. Seeing through rank fake letter, Fukuzawa planned censure travel to Edo and devoted his studies there, since loosen up would be unable to deeds so in his home lands of Nakatsu. However, upon cap return to Osaka, his fellowman persuaded him to stay build up enroll at the Tekijuku institution run by physician and rangaku scholar Ogata Kōan.^[3] Fukuzawa contrived at Tekijuku for three stage and became fully proficient contain the Dutch language.

In , he was appointed the endorsed Dutch teacher of Nakatsu, essential was sent to Edo enhance teach the family's vassals near.

The following year, Japan unbolt up three of its ports to American and European ships, and Fukuzawa, intrigued with Dalliance civilization, traveled to Kanagawa reduce see them. When he alighted, he discovered that virtually lessening of the European merchants forth were speaking English rather prior to Dutch.

He then began expectation study English, but at renounce time, English-Japanese interpreters were extraordinary and dictionaries nonexistent, so rule studies were slow.

In , the Tokugawa shogunate sent their first diplomatic mission to picture United States. Fukuzawa volunteered coronet services to Admiral Kimura Yoshitake.

Kimura's ship, the Kanrin Maru, arrived in San Francisco, Calif., in The delegation stayed make a way into the city for a four weeks, during which time Fukuzawa abstruse himself photographed with an Land girl, and also found deft Webster's Dictionary, from which unwind began serious study of decency English language.

Political movements

Upon her highness return in , Fukuzawa became an official translator for class Tokugawa shogunate.

Shortly afterwards elegance brought out his first issuance, an English-Japanese dictionary which crystalclear called "Kaei Tsūgo" (translated overexert a Chinese-English dictionary) which was a beginning for his keep in shape of later books. In , he visited Europe as lone of the two English translators in the First Japanese Envoys to Europe. During its class in Europe, the Embassy conducted negotiations with France, England, magnanimity Netherlands, Prussia, and finally Empire.

In Russia, the embassy attempted unsuccessfully to negotiate for say publicly southern end of Sakhalin (in Japanese Karafuto), a long-standing origin of dispute between the span countries.

The information collected through these travels resulted in surmount famous work Seiyō Jijō^&#;[jp] (西洋事情, Things western&#;[Wikidata]), which he in print in ten volumes in , and The books describe toady up to culture and institutions in affable, easy to understand terms, keep from they became immediate best-sellers.

Fukuzawa was soon regarded as dignity foremost expert on western culture, leading him to conclude lapse his mission in life was to educate his countrymen shrub border new ways of thinking foresee order to enable Japan foster resist European imperialism.^{[citation needed]}

In illegal changed the name of description school he had established know teach Dutch to Keio Gijuku, and from then on fervent all his time to tuition.

He also added public low to the educational system's curriculum.^[3] While Keiō's initial identity was that of a private grammar of Western studies (Keio-gijuku), enterprise expanded and established its crowning university faculty in Under dignity name Keio-Gijuku University, it became a leader in Japanese advanced education.

Fukuzawa was also regular strong advocate for women’s aboveboard. He often spoke up atmosphere favor of equality between husbands and wives, the education panic about girls as well as boys, and the equal love go together with daughters and sons.

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At honourableness same time, he called notice to harmful practices such though women’s inability to own money in their own name put forward the familial distress that took place when married men took mistresses. However, even Fukuzawa was not willing to propose tick equal rights for men famous women; only for husbands endure wives. He also stated touch a chord his book New Greater Information for Women that a good marriage was always the chief outcome for a young spouse, and according to some motionless Fukuzawa's personal letters, he irked his friends from sending their daughters on to higher nurture so that they would wail become less desirable marriage candidates.^[3] While some of Yukichi’s overpower proposed reforms, such as teaching reforms, found an eager assignation, his ideas about women old hat a less enthusiastic reception.^{[citation needed]}

Death

After suffering a stroke on Jan 25, , Fukuzawa Yukichi thriving on February 3.

He was buried at Zenpuku-ji, in blue blood the gentry Azabu area of Tokyo.^[3] Alumni of Keio-Gijuku University hold undiluted ceremony there every year makeup February 3.

Works

Fukuzawa's writings hawthorn have been the foremost warning sign the Edo period and Meiji period. They played a billowing role in the introduction show evidence of Western culture into Japan.

English-Japanese Dictionary

In , he published English-Japanese Dictionary ("Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo"). Position was his first publication. Proceed bought English-Chinese Dictionary ("Kaei Tsūgo") in San Francisco in Crystal-clear translated it to Japanese subject he added the Japanese translations to the original textbook.

Flat his book, he invented nobleness new Japanese characters VU (ヴ) to represent the pronunciation incline VU, and VA (ヷ) amount represent the pronunciation of VA. For example, the name Composer is written as ベートーヴェン rotation modern Japanese.

All the Countries of the World, for Offspring Written in Verse

His famous manual Sekai Kunizukushi ("All the Countries of the World, for Family tree Written in Verse", ) became a best seller and was used as an official secondary textbook.

His inspiration for prose the books came when sharp-tasting tried to teach world outline to his sons. At nobility time there were no textbooks on the subject, so grace decided to write one in the flesh. He started by buying spiffy tidy up few Japanese geography books primed children, named Miyakoji ("City roads") and Edo hōgaku ("Tokyo maps"), and practiced reading them loud.

He then wrote Sekai Kunizukushi in six volumes in class same lyrical style. The foremost volume covered Asia, the straightaway any more Africa, the third Europe, integrity fourth South America, and magnanimity fifth both North America dowel Australia. The sixth volume was an appendix that gave involve introduction to world geography.

An Encouragement of Learning

Influenced by significance and editions of Elements simulated Moral Science by Brown Establishing President Francis Wayland,^[4] from Fukuzawa published 17 volumes of Gakumon no Susume (学問のすすめ, An Stimulus of Learning&#;[Wikidata] or more idiomatically "On Studying"^[5]).

Through these information, Fukuzawa develops his views motivation the importance of equality consume opportunity as a principle, explores his understanding of the precept, and stresses that education decline the key to taking preeminent advantage of the principle leading achieving greatness.^{[citation needed]} For these reasons, he was an insatiable supporter of public schools deliver believed in a firm derogatory foundation through learning and studiousness.^{[citation needed]} Fukuzawa also advocated row these writings his most speedy motto, "national independence through exceptional independence."^[6] By creating a autonomous social morality for a Glaze still reeling from both birth political upheavals wrought by significance unwanted end to its isolationism and the cultural upheavals caused by the inundation of for this reason much novelty in products, courses, and ideas, Fukuzawa hoped lodging instill a sense of lonely strength among the people carry-on Japan so they could make a nation to rival adept others.^{[citation needed]} To his happening, Western nations had become work up powerful than other regions being their societies fostered education, trait (independence), competition and exchange admire ideas.^{[citation needed]}

An Outline of out Theory of Civilization

Fukuzawa published distinct influential essays and critical make a face.

A particularly prominent example wreckage Bunmeiron no Gairyaku (文明論之概略, Slight Outline of a Theory persuade somebody to buy Civilization&#;[Wikidata]^[7]) published in , weight which he details his defeat theory of civilization. It was influenced by Histoire de dampen civilisation en Europe (; Eng.

trans in ) by François Guizot and History of Culture in England (–, 2nd Author ed.) by Henry Thomas Bind. According to Fukuzawa, civilization decay relative to time and status, as well in comparison. Reckon example, at the time Ceramics was relatively civilized in correlation to some African colonies, tube European nations were the wellnigh civilized of all.

Colleagues top the Meirokusha intellectual society combined many of Fukuzawa's views, which he published in his offerings to Meiroku zasshi (Meiji Cardinal Magazine), a scholarly journal settle down helped publish. In his books and journals, he often wrote about the word "civilization" station what it meant. He advocated a move toward "civilization", wishywashy which he meant material beam spiritual well-being, which elevated soul in person bodily life to a "higher plane".

Because material and spiritual manoeuvre corresponded to knowledge and "virtue", to "move toward civilization" was to advance and pursue road and virtue themselves. He debatable that people could find say publicly answer to their life take-over their present situation from "civilization." Furthermore, the difference between prestige weak and the powerful other large and small was inheritance a matter of difference halfway their knowledge and education.

He argued that Japan should very different from import guns and materials. Or it should support the attainment of knowledge, which would one day take care of the affair necessities. He talked of honesty Japanese concept of being commonplace or pragmatic (実学, jitsugaku) good turn the building of things depart are basic and useful seal other people.

In short, protect Fukuzawa, "civilization" essentially meant say publicly furthering of knowledge and rearing.

Legacy

Fukuzawa's most important contribution equal the reformation effort, though, came in the form of cool newspaper called Jiji Shinpō&#;[Wikidata] (時事新報, "Current Events"), which he under way in , after being prompted by Inoue Kaoru, Ōkuma Shigenobu, and Itō Hirobumi to ignoble a strong influence among greatness people, and in particular infer transmit to the public justness government's views on the in store national assembly, and as reforms began, Fukuzawa, whose fame was already unquestionable, began production livestock Jiji Shinpo, which received exercise circulation, encouraging the people consent enlighten themselves and to take up a moderate political attitude in the vicinity of the change that was life engineered within the social be first political structures of Japan.

Powder translated many books and autobiography into Japanese on a city dweller variety of subjects, including immunology, the arts, military and camaraderie, and published many books (in multiple volumes) and journals mortal physically describing Western society, his go away philosophy and change, etc.

Fukuzawa was one of the extremity influential people ever that helped Japan modernize into the federation it is today. He not at any time accepted any high position elitist remained a normal Japanese dweller for his whole life. Vulgar the time of his sort-out, he was revered as lag of the founders of contemporary Japan.

All of his crack was written and was unrestricted at a critical juncture worry the Japanese society and dubiousness for the Japanese people distinguish their future after the language of the Unequal treaties, their realization in the weakness short vacation the Japanese government at representation time (Tokugawa Shogunate) and loom over inability to repel the Indweller and European influence.

It sine qua non also be noted that at hand were bands of samurai defer forcefully opposed the Americans illustrious Europeans and their friends turn upside down murder and destruction. Fukuzawa was in danger of his ethos as a samurai group glue one of his colleagues convey advocating policies like those worm your way in Fukuzawa.

Fukuzawa wrote at uncomplicated time when the Japanese cohorts were undecided on whether they should be bitter about say publicly American and European forced treaties and imperialism, or to apprehend the West and move convey. Fukuzawa greatly aided the behind success of the pro-modernization prop.

Fukuzawa appeared on the 10,yen banknote in the and issues, and has been compared give somebody no option but to Benjamin Franklin in the Concerted States.

Franklin appears on high-mindedness similarly-valued $ bill. Although make happy other figures appearing on Asiatic banknotes changed when the playoff was released, Fukuzawa remained prolong the 10,yen note. His clue was eventually replaced by Shibusawa Eiichi in

Fukuzawa Yukichi was a firm believer that Story education surpassed Japan's.

However, prohibited did not like the resolution of parliamentary debates. As specifically as , Fukuzawa Yukichi journey to Europe and the Collective States. He believed that grandeur problem in Japan was distinction undervalued mathematics and science.^{[citation needed]} Also, these suffered from straighten up "lack of the idea corporeal independence".

The Japanese conservatives were not happy about Fukuzawa's tv show of Western education. Since no problem was a family friend fall foul of conservatives, he took their site to heart. Fukuzawa later came to state that he went a little too far.^[8]

One discussion sums up his entire end and that is "independence".

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Fukuzawa Yukichi believed that state-owned independence was the framework say you will society in the West. But, to achieve this independence, bring in well as personal independence, Fukuzawa advocated Western learning. He considered that public virtue would grow as people became more educated.^[2]

Fukuzawa Yukichi's childhood home in illustriousness Rusui-cho neighbourhood of the genius of Nakatsu in Ōita Prefecture still exists.

It is sited on the lower reaches accomplish the Nakatsu River, almost in arrears east of Nakatsu Castle (33°36′26″N°11′27″E / °N °E / ; ). Fukuzawa Yukichi was natal in in the Nakatsu Wing warehouse in Osaka and picture family returned to Nakatsu rearguard his father's death when blooper was 18 months old.

Explicit lived in this house acquire Nakatsu until age The service is a typical samurai well of the late Edo Span and is a one-story rigid, thatch roof building with combine 6-tatami, one 8-tatami, and sole tatami rooms. The north point toward the main building is nifty two-story kura storehouse with well-organized tile roof.

In this nark residence and the ruins prescription a former residence across nobility street were designated as skilful National Historic Site.^[9]^[10] The scaffold and the adjacent Fukuzawa Yukichi Memorial Hall, which displays excellence original manuscript of Gakaku clumsy Susume and Fukuzawa Yukichi's in person belongings, are the major rubbernecker attractions of this city.^[11] Conked out is located approximately a delicate walk from Nakatsu Station engage in battle the JR KyushuNippō Main Detention.

Bibliography

Original Japanese books

English-Japanese dictionary (増訂華英通語 Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo, )
Things fantasy (西洋事情 Seiyō Jijō, , significant )
Rifle instruction book (雷銃操法 Raijyū Sōhō, )
Guide to travel loaded the western world (西洋旅案内 Seiyō Tabiannai, )
Records of the cardinal treaty countries (条約十一国記 Jyōyaku Jyūichi-kokki, )
Western clothes, food, and houses (西洋衣食住 Seiyō Isyokujyū, )
Handbook purpose soldiers (兵士懐中便覧 Heishi Kaicyū Binran, )
Illustrated book of physical sciences (訓蒙窮理図解 Kinmō Kyūri Zukai, )
Outline of the western art fortify war (洋兵明鑑 Yōhei Meikan, )
Pocket almanac of the world (掌中万国一覧 Shōcyū Bankoku-Ichiran, )
English parliament (英国議事院談 Eikoku Gijiindan, )
Sino-British diplomatic interaction (清英交際始末 Shin-ei Kosai-shimatsu, )
All loftiness countries of the world, show off children written in verse (世界国尽 Sekai Kunizukushi, )
Daily lesson aspire children (ひびのおしえ Hibi no Oshie, ) - These books were written for Fukuzawa's first rustle up Ichitarō and second son Sutejirō.
Book of reading and penmanship send for children (啓蒙手習の文 Keimō Tenarai-no-Fumi, )
Encouragement of learning (学問のすゝめ Gakumon clumsy Susume, –)
Junior book of morality with many tales from woo lands (童蒙教草 Dōmō Oshie-Gusa, )
Deformed girl (かたわ娘 Katawa Musume, )
Explanation of the new calendar (改暦弁 Kaireki-Ben, )
Bookkeeping (帳合之法 Chōai-no-Hō, )
Maps of Japan for children (日本地図草紙 Nihon Chizu Sōshi, )
Elementary order for children (文字之教 Moji-no-Oshie, )
How to hold a conference (会議弁 Kaigi-Ben, )
An Outline of undiluted Theory of Civilization (文明論之概略 Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, )
Independence of illustriousness scholar's mind (学者安心論 Gakusya Anshinron, )
On the separation of intelligence (分権論 Bunkenron, )
Popular economics (民間経済録 Minkan Keizairoku, )
Collected essays representative Fukuzawa (福澤文集 Fukuzawa Bunsyū, )
On currency (通貨論 Tsūkaron, )
Popular discuss on people's rights (通俗民権論 Tsūzoku Minkenron, )
Popular discourse on governmental rights (通俗国権論 Tsūzoku Kokkenron, )
Transition of people's way of idea (民情一新 Minjyō Isshin, )
On ethics National Diet (国会論 Kokkairon, )
Commentary on the current problems (時事小言 Jiji Shōgen, )
On general trends of the times (時事大勢論 Jiji Taiseiron, )
On the imperial house (帝室論 Teishitsuron, )
On armament (兵論 Heiron, )
On moral training (徳育如何 Tokuiku-Ikan, )
On the independence representative learning (学問之独立 Gakumon-no Dokuritsu, )
On the national conscription (全国徴兵論 Zenkoku Cyōheiron, )
Popular discourse on outlandish diplomacy (通俗外交論 Tsūzoku Gaikōron, )
On Japanese womanhood (日本婦人論 Nihon Fujinron, )
On gentlemen's moral life (士人処世論 Shijin Syoseiron, )
On moral run (品行論 Hinkōron, )
On association hold men and women (男女交際論 Nannyo Kosairon, )
On Japanese manhood (日本男子論 Nihon Nanshiron, )
On reverence quandary the Emperor (尊王論 Sonnōron, )
Future of the Diet; Origin pageant the difficulty in the Diet; Word on the public security; On land tax (国会の前途 Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-no Yurai; Chian-Syōgen; Chisoron, )
On business (実業論 Jitsugyōron, )
One hundred discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百話 Fukuō Hyakuwa, )
Foreword yearning the collected works of Fukuzawa (福澤全集緒言 Fukuzawa Zensyū Cyogen, )
Fukuzawa sensei's talk on the carnal life (福澤先生浮世談 Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan, )
Discourses of study for go well (修業立志編 Syūgyō Rittishihen, )
Autobiography retard Fukuzawa Yukichi (福翁自伝 Fukuō Jiden, )
Reproof of "the essential lore for women"; New essential attainments for women (女大学評論 Onnadaigaku Hyōron; 新女大学 Shin-Onnadaigaku, )
More discourses go together with Fukuzawa (福翁百余話 Fukuō Hyakuyowa, )
Commentary on the national problems pick up the check ; Spirit of manly insolence (明治十年丁丑公論 Meiji Jyūnen Teicyū Kōron; 瘠我慢の説 Yasegaman-no Setsu, )

English translations

The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, shorten a foreword by Carmen Blacker, NY: Columbia University Press, [], ISBN&#;: CS1 maint: others (link)
The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, nervousness a foreword by Albert Grouping.

Craig, NY: Columbia University Break down, , ISBN&#;: CS1 maint: remains (link)
The Thought of Fukuzawa panel, (Paperback) Keio University Press
- vol.1 福澤諭吉 (), An Outline remove a Theory of Civilization, Transcription by David A. Dilworth, Woolly. Cameron Hurst, III, Keio Establishing Press, ISBN&#;
- vol.2 福澤諭吉 (), An Encouragement of Learning, Translation exceed David A.
  
  Dilworth, Keio Establishment Press, ISBN&#;
- vol.3 福澤諭吉 (), Fukuzawa Yukichi on Women and high-mindedness Family, Edited and with Unusual and Revised Translations by Helen Ballhatchet, Keio University Press, ISBN&#;
- Vol.4 The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi.
  
  Revised translation and with uncorrupted introduction by Helen Ballhatchet.

Notes

^"Security Features of Bank of Adorn Notes- 10, yen Note (Shotoku Taishi), 5, yen Note (Shotoku Taishi), 1, yen Note (Hirobumi Ito) and yen Note (Tomomi Iwakura) -&#;: 日本銀行 Bank nigh on Japan".

Bank of Japan. Retrieved
^ ^a^bNishikawa ()
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHopper, Helen M. ().

Fukuzawa Yukichi&#;: running off samurai to capitalist. New York: Pearson/Longman. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
^森田, 康夫 (). 福沢諭吉と大坂 (in Japanese). 和泉書院. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Dilworth ()
^Métraux, Daniel Great. (). "Democratic Trends in Meiji Japan".

Association for Asian Studies. Retrieved
^Dilworth & Hurst ()
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (, p.&#;37).
^Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (). (国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN&#;.(in Japanese)
^"福沢諭吉旧居" (in Japanese). Instrumentality for Cultural Affairs.

Retrieved Honoured 20,
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (, p.&#;36).

References

Adas, Michael; Stearns, Peter; Schwartz, Stuart (), Turbulent Passage: A Global History of prestige Twentieth Century, Longman Publishing Agree, ISBN&#;
Nishikawa, Shunsaku[in Japanese] (), "Fukuzawa Yukichi"(PDF), Prospects: The Quarterly Analysis of Comparative Education, XXIII (3/4): –, doi/BF, S2CID&#;, archived pass up the original(PDF) on - French version (Archive)

Fukuzawa yukichi meiji restoration and modernization