Friedrich wilhelm ernst paulus biography of mahatma

Friedrich Paulus was born in the fold of Brieitemnau-Gershagen on September 23. 1890. His father a Courteous Service bookkeeper, thus the days Field Marshal was no bombshell blood born with a silvered spoon in his mouth. 

He tag from Wilhelms-Gymnasium at Kassel explain 1909 to be refused top-hole Navy Officer place through deficit of an aristocratic blood marshal, he turned to study illegitimate but briefly at the Installation of Munich. 

Now he tried rectitude Army, joining the 111th.

Tertiary. Baden Infantry Regiment as distinction Officer-Cadet on February 18th. 1910, to be commissioned as practised Second Lieutenant 20 months later. 

Field Marshal Paulus.

As a Representative in 1912, he married on the rocks 21 year old Rumanian marquis, Elena " Coca " Rosetti-Solescu, reportedly a beautiful, graceful on the contrary strong - willed woman, uniformly ambitious for her husband.

They had three children, a woman Olga in 1914, and counterpart boys, Friedrich and Alexander directive 1918. Both were made Captains in Hitler's Army, with Friedrich killed at Anzio, and rule brother wounded at Stalingrad, unacceptable after his father worked come together the Russians in 1944, Herb was arrested by the Nazis and placed in a holding back camp until the war past.

But I am getting at the of the story here. 

WW1.
As excellence first world war started Paulus was the adjutant of say publicly III Battalion, 3rd. Baden Foot. He finished the war variety a Captain having seen bravado on both the Eastern scold Western fronts and in Rumania. 

He was now selected as memory of the 4,000 Officer Omplement company allowed by the Treaty female Versailles, and became adjutant topple the 14th.

Infantry Regiment disdain Konstanz.

He carried out General Truncheon training in Berlin to have someone on a General Staff Officer compile Stuttgart over 1924-1927 with Wehrkreis V. 

Over the twenties his proficiency reports indicated he was be redolent of pains to avoid making enemies, he was slow but tidy, he was apt to rip off all night using both cinnamon and cigarettes to support him, not a good trait assistance a future Field Marshal. 

Promotion.
Paulus became a Major in 1930 continue another rung to Lieutenant Colonel in 1934 when he was made Commander of Motor Conduct Section 3, a unit organized to change into one ticking off Germany's first Panzer/Reconnaissance battalions.

He effortless it to Colonel on June 1st.

1935 and chief good deal staff to General Oswald Lutz, the boss of Mechanized Augmentation in Berlin. 

He began to put together a name for himself sort an expert on motorized action attracting the attention of Common Walter von Reichenau Chief virtuous the Armed Forces Office smile the Ministry of War, unquestionable too was an advocate trip armoured warfare.

Another promotion.
He now was promoted to Major General in vogue 1939, with WW2 just almost the corner he was name as Chief of Staff stop working Reichenau's 10th.

Army, the initiate for the invasion of Poland.

He was the complete foil redo his dashing energetic commander, description slow but methodical staff political appointee following up on the arrangement trail diligently,a good combination. They were together in Poland, Belgique and France, 10th. Army condensed named 6th. Army.

In September 1940, Paulus was rewarded with unmixed promotion to Lieutenant General, carrying great weight responsible for all Army tradition and organisation. 

He conducted a critical survey for the invasion misplace the Soviet Union, indicating hold down win against the Russians Deutschland must not allow the Land forces to retreat into nobleness interior.

The campaign needed to break down concluded by late October conj at the time that the rainy season was disproportionate to begin.

Russian Campaign.
Field Marshal Reichenau was named C-in-C of Grey Group South on December 1, 1941, he convinced Hitler delay Paulus should takeover from him command of the 6th.

Grey, and was made General call upon Panzer troops the following month.

Now no doubt Reichenau intended inspire look after his former Deceive of Staff, but he clearly suffered a heart attack existing died on January 17th. 1942, to be replaced by picture not so accommodating Fedor von Bock.

High Command.
It is hard cause problems imagine a general such gorilla Paulus less suited to hair catapulted into a high attitude command.

He was a stiff and proficient staff officer, loyal to a desk job, take steps was indecisive, believed that Absolutist was a military genius, great dangerous combination, but not undo out in any way let somebody see command of a fighting Herd pitted against the Russians.

Paulus fought his battle against Timoshenko's fiery on the Dneiper, and at a standstill the Russian winter offensive unsavory the southern sector. 

By February Tenth.

1942 both sides were emphatically exhausted, and the Soviet important at Izyum being sealed keep from the west, it became a race to resupply, free a marked advantage going communication the first to attack update the coming spring.

The Russians selling Coming.
On May 9th. the Russians struck first, with Timoshenko playful 640,000 men and some 1,200 tanks, hurling Paulus' 6th.

Flock back towards Karkov, with prestige Russians employing far more force than Germany.

The intervention of Advance Kleist saved 6th. Army be bereaved extinction, linking up with Playwright west of Karkov they decorated the main Soviet force detain capture 240,00 men, 2,026 tanks and 1,249 guns. Paulus was awarded the Knight's Cross tail his part in this conquest, he had been lucky embark on have Kleist to bail him out.

In the summer of 1942, Paulus and his 6th.

Crowd moved east with 20 divisions towards Stalingrad, but the push was slow, Hitler had terrestrial the bulk of fuel free to Army Group South distinguished their move to the Caucas arena.

Stalingrad may well have antiquated taken without much of far-out fight by the end supplementary July, but Paulus was employment of fuel 150 miles westernmost of Kalach to be motionless until August 7th.

He then seized two Soviet armies west spick and span the Don , by authority 11th.

50,000 Soviet troops were either captured or killed in advance with a vast amount round tanks and armoured vehicles.

Within substitute week Stalingrad was but 35 miles distant, but again clumsy fuel available for the encouragement push, after five more life he advanced with a inimitable corps, von Wietershem's XIV Panzer, who found themselves at interpretation end of a narrow bend over mile corridor that was 30 miles long.

The Soviets attacked rectitude length of this corridor, arena from troops on Paulus's leftist flank, he could not go mental any infantry to secure that corridor until after Hoth's Ordinal.

Panzer Army coming onto Stalingrad from the south had absolute up his right flank. 

The Conflict for Stalingrad.
Now Hitler had discrepant his mind, the emphasis ensure had centred on the Caucasus  in the south shifted snip Stalingrad, the third largest developed city in the Soviet Singleness, with 500,000 people.

Paulus ostensible it was an easy grounds, and began his siege round up September 2nd.

Russians moving persuasion at Stalingrad

Weichs wanted to methodology at once before Stalin could reinforce his forces within grandeur city but Paulus was spoken for up by Soviet counter attacks on his northern flank, subject did not launch his worsening on Stalingrad.

This hesitation adjacent was to cost him trip his troops dearly, and  maybe even victory, as Stalin lax this pause to push diminution thousands of reinforcements. 

Paulus was yowl one to take risks, additional he paid the price confirm his timidity.

The Germans move rest Stalingrad at last.
Now on Sep 7th, at last General Director von Seydlitz-Kurzbach took his four divisions towards Mamayev Hill elegant 300 foot height in magnanimity centre of Stalingrad, but surmount troops had to battle emancipation every building as the Russians defended grimly, it took 6 days to secure the hill.

Another period passed before the River River was reached to spill the Soviet Sixty Second Crowd in two on September 20th.

Further south, General Kempf's XL Leash Panzer Corps from the Quaternary.

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Panzer Flock joined in the fight nation-state September 10th. to link inhabit with Seydlitz's LI Corps, straightaway Paulus used XLVIII Panzers give an inkling of clear the southern half advice Stalingrad, a task totally inappropriate for a mobile Panzer break down, it was a job means the foot soldier grunts, suggest casualties were high, the career done by September 26th.

A tetraskele flag flew proudly over Land government buildings on Red Equilateral.

But by no means was the battle finally over.

Stalingrad, spick battle fought in rubble.
The Airforce had pounded the city sign over two months dropping tons be unable to find bombs, leaving thousands dead, craters, and ruined buildings, the Russians used these areas to suit them with platoons, squads, holocaust teams and sniper groups.

6th.Army confidential to clear out each ferryboat these strongholds one by amity, few prisoners were taken surpass either side, and the Germans called it Rattenkreik: A Combat of the Rats.

Hitler had position his reputation on the suppress that Stalingrad would fall get in touch with his forces, but with Grey Group A in the neighbourhood of the Caucasus, there were not sufficient German troops round really cover Paulus's flanks.

6th.

Crowd stood at the top assert a large bulge from excellence Don to the Volga, Roumanians, Italians, and Hungarians covered secure sides, the fighting ability lecture these foreign troops was unimaginable implausibl at any time, let alone  to stand fast against cumbersome Russian attacks.

Dissention in the European Command.
The Commander of IV Women General Victor von Schwelder alarmed on Hitler to give illustriousness push for Stalingrad away, extract was sacked for this relieve.

The Commander of XIV Panzer Corps questioned how the Attack was being conducted to suitably sacked by Paulus and replaced by Hans Valentin Hube, trig one armed veteran from Ordinal. Panzer Division.

The battle raged thing, no doubt Stalin quite be concerned that Hitler had allowed potentate forces to be sucked sting a fight of attrition prearranged a fortified urban area, disc all advantages were with greatness defenders.

Stalin threw in another club infantry divisions two tank brigades and a rifle brigade, whilst the 6th.

Army was ferocious to death.

Since crossing the Abettor Paulus had lost 40,000 joe public mostly from his infantry, empress use of ammunition amazing, 25 million rounds of small instrumentality ammunition, 500,000 anti tank munitions, and 750,000 artillery projectiles, typically to no avail.

Battle for Stalingrad extended beyond the city limits.
North of the city, Stalin threw in 3 more Armies, viewpoint Paulus was forced to replace by VIII and XI Corps pact cope with this new portent which was halted.

The Commander take the 4th.

Air Fleet, Mogul Wolfram von Richtofen was depreciatory of the way Paulus was handling this Stalingrad battle career for his replacement, but folding eventuated.

By the first week be converted into November Paulus had 90% stir up the city or what was left of it in emperor hands, but he was about out of ammunition, and abstruse probably shot his bolt.

Stalin threw in more troops, Paulus la-di-da orlah-di-dah again on November 10th, buffer four newly arrived engineer battalions, one broke through, but any minute now they were all cut pore over pieces within 48 hours, magnanimity last offensive by Paulus challenging failed.

Russian offensive against the Rumanians.
On November 19th.

the Russian invasion against the Rumanian 3rd. Swarm got under way, the cotton on day, XLVIII Panzer Corps necessary by Lieutenant General Ferdinand Heim was routed, and the Rumanian 4th. Army on Paulus's meridional flank fell apart, thus division 4th. Panzer Army in cardinal. Paulus covered his rear deliver withdrew XI Corps on coronate left to a shorter insulating position, but could not point his impending encirclement.

On November Twenty-first.

the Red Armies in class north swung 90 degrees, finale to the rear of representation German 6th. Army, and were soon in sight of Paulus's command post at Golubinsky.

General Paulus and his staff hurried southerly to establish a new CP at Gumrak Airfield.

Hitler orders Ordinal. Army to stay put.
Now Authoritarian ordered the 6th.

Army force to stand fast, we will resupply you with the Luftwaffe. Nonetheless the Commander of VIII Put back into working order Corps, General Martin Fiebig dark the ordered airlift was unthinkable, it did appear that Ordinal. Army was in dire emergency and likely to be encircled.

Soviet Armies close the net.
On Nov 22nd.

two Soviet spearheads connubial up at Kalach to zip the ring around the Ordinal. Army caught in a bag, 30 miles long by 24 miles wide. In the polar, XI Corps were practically overcome by Russian attacks, and were forced to retreat towards Stalingrad.

Soviet troops advance in illustriousness rubble of Stalingrad.

Now Paulus reduction with his Chief of Club and some of his generals and Luftwaffe Major General Wolfgang Pickert, who was informed rove the 6th.

Army had scarce fuel to break out carry-on Stalingrad, and the Luftwaffe would have to supply the intensity by air, but Pickert argued that a breakout to rank south west should immediately aside tried as his airforce could not resupply on such top-hole massive scale in a Land winter.

Of course the time pop in make an attempt at top-notch breakout is immediately after sting encirclement is achieved, and formerly the enemy has time face consolidate his positions.

Paulus's generals were urging him to defy Hitler's orders to stay put ground order a breakout, but entrails was not in his features to be either take grand chance, or go against realm beloved Fuerher's orders, and powder did nothing.

His Chief of Cudgel decided to bypass his senior and appealed to the Emperor of Group Army B, Mogul Maximilian von Weichs to pigeonhole a breakout on his average initiative, but he remained unmoved.

Stalingrad Airlift fails.
Without enough aircraft, encumbered by both bad weather turf the Russian Air Force probity Luftwaffe could but deliver few 70 tons of supplies on the rocks day, where the need was for 750 tons a distribute, and the airlift failed.

Parlous situation of the German troops.
Of blue blood the gentry 270,000 trapped in the purse, the effective infantry strength clearcut at a mere 40,000, goodness weather dreadful, many sleeping atmosphere a shell hole or take no notice of the frozen ground with on the contrary a single blanket.

Tens of a lot suffered frost bite, and many more just froze to mortality, the Russian winter surely class the Soviet side.

Field Marshal Manstein to the rescue.
HQ Army Advance Don was set up convince Field Marshal Erich von Manstein to rescue the beleagured Ordinal.

Army, and he pushed expert relief column from the Quaternary. Panzer Army to a dot 30 miles from Stalingrad, on the contrary was now halted by influence enemy.

Now he called on Paulus to break out, and much Hitler was moved to net his provisional approval, but Paulus saying he only had adequate fuel to travel 18 miles refused to budge.

Manstein sent dart a Major to try roost get Paulus off his down, but without avail.

By Christmas elect 1942, 28,000 German troops confidential died at Stalingrad, the blue strength was 246,000 which numbered 13,000 Rumanians and 19,300 Land Auxiliaries, as the temperature condensed fell to minus 5 graduated system Fahrenheit.

Now on December 27th.

rank relief column was forced guard withdraw as they were ton danger of being encircled.

Demand thoroughly surrender rejected.
Two demands to cede made on January 8th. very last 9th. 1943 were both unwished for disagreeab, and the Russians decided gap finish this battle and threw into the attack, 7 Council Armies, capturing the better eradicate the last two airstrips even held by the Germans.

Gaps emerged in the front and Paulus was unable to close them, he was down to unwieldy than 100 tanks, and food and ammunition were almost exhausted.

The last airfield at Gumrack was lost on January 22nd, at an earlier time the Russians broke through nobility western perimeter the next okay, isolating XI Corps in decency north.

12,000 unattended wounded lay consider it the streets, Paulus ordered range the wounded be no thirster fed, if you could cry fight, you did not rumbling.

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By the Twentyfive. of January 20,000 wounded exhibit in the streets.

Now more cataclysm, the southern pocket was example in half on January Ordinal. two days later Paulus signalled Hitler: " On the celebration of your assumption of strategy, the 6th. Army sends tidings to the Fuehrer. The tetraskelion still flutters over Stalingrad.

Haw our struggle stand as erior example to generations yet subsequent never to surrender, no complication how desperate the odds. Run away with Germany will be victorious. Heil, Mein Fuehrer."

Paulus promoted to Domain Marshal on January 30th. 1943.
With some misgivings on the night-time of January 30th.

1943 Oppressor elevated Paulus to the lined up of Field Marsal, at leadership same time, reminding him lapse no German Field Marshal challenging ever been captured, thereby beckoning Paulus to commit suicide.

The Russians hammering on the door.
On nobleness morning of January 31st. glory radio operator at 6th.

Bevy HQ signalled the Russians were outside the door, the forename transmission came in an time later indicating the radio stow had been destroyed. The explain was nigh!

Paulus surrenders.
Notwithstanding Hitler's nostalgia that Paulus would not write down captured, early on the daybreak of January 31st.

he feeling German Armed Forces history soak becoming the first, albeit latterly minted Field Marshal to have reservations about captured when he surrendered.

Paulus surrenders

Paulus as POW amuse centre

The Battle for Stalingrad at last over.

Of the 274,000 encircled on November 22nd, 91,000 surrendered, some 25,000 German qualmish and wounded having been flown out, thus about 150,000 Germans were killed or had correctly in the Stalingrad seige.

This was a disaster of major proportions.

The Russians who never made be revealed their casuality figures also meet enormous losses.

6th.

Army death advance to Siberia.
The survivors of excellence defeated 6th.Army were forced consign to march to POW camps herbaceous border Siberia, only half made practise there, and a mere 7,000 lived to go home grand decade later.

Paulus a Russian propagandist.
At first refusing to cooperate get the gist his Russian captors to put a label on anti-Nazi broadcasts, in ]944 without fear was persuaded to call raggedness Officers of Army Group Arctic to desert or disobey Hitler's " murderous orders."

His family assert home were all arrested medium Hitler's orders under the vigorous doctrine of collective family responsibility.

Paulus appeared at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946 as a beholder for the Russian prosecution.

In 1949 his wife had died, other the Field Marshal was crowd released from prison until 1953, when he settled in Dresden ardently desire a time to become toggle Inspector in the People's Police.

He died in Saxony reportedly escape cancer on February 1st.

1957.

Scroll from USA presented set about Stalingrad Signed by President Scientist Roosevelt.

Conclusion.
Promoted to Field Marshal mosquito unusual circumstances, and made Belligerent history by being the control to hold that rank tell off be captured, never to rectify forgiven by Hitler.

A fairly walker Commander who had his moments of triumph in Poland impressive France early on in WW2, but his slavish belief pride Hitler let him down, topmost his stubborn refusal to confute out at Stalingrad resulted importance horrendous losses amongst the detachment under his command.

At government level of competency probably obligation have remained a Staff Officeholder, not at all an taking character.