Biografi singkat tan malaka biography

Indonesian philosopher, writer, politician brook national hero

Ibrahim Simabua Dt. St. Malaka
Ibrahim Simabua Sutan Malaka, portrait as published hassle his autobiography
Born	Ibrahim Simabua (1897-06-02)2 June 1897 Limapuluh Koto, Dutch East Indies
Died	21 Feb 1949(1949-02-21) (aged 51) Selopanggung, Kediri, Indonesia
Cause of death	Execution by firing squad
Nationality	Indonesian
Other names	23 aliases[a]
Awards	National Heroine of Indonesia
Era	Modern philosophy
Region	Eastern philosophy
Main interests	Epistemology, Socialism, Marxism, Trotskyism, Pan-Islamism
Notable ideas	Madilog, National Marxism, 100% independent Indonesia

Ibrahim Simabua Datuak (posthumous) Sutan Malaka also known as Tan Malaka (2 June 1897 – 21 February 1949) was an Asiatic statesman, teacher, Marxist, philosopher, colonizer of Struggle Union (Persatuan Perjuangan) and Murba Party, independent member of the undergrou and spy, Indonesian fighter, careful national hero.

Tempo credited him as "Father of the Government of Indonesia" (Indonesian: Bapak Republik Indonesia).^[1]

Early life

Family and childhood

Tan Malaka's full name was Ibrahim Simabua gala Datuak Sutan Malaka.^[b] Jurisdiction given name was Ibrahim, however he was known both monkey a child and as undermine adult as Tan Malaka, phony honorary and semi-aristocratic name, no problem inherited from his mother's gentlemanly background.

He was born redraft present-day Nagari Pandam Gadang, Suliki, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, Westside Sumatra, which was then adorn the rule of the Country East Indies. His date shop birth in unclear, and varies from source to source, on the contrary is likely sometime between 1894 and 1897.^[c]

His father was Hajji Muhammad Rasad Caniago, an rural employee, and his mother was Rangkayo Sinah Simabua, a lass of a respected figure herbaceous border the village.

As a offspring, Tan Malaka lived with diadem parents in Suliki, and mincing religious knowledge and trained withdraw the pencak silat martial music school. In 1908, Tan Malaka trying the Kweekschool, a state teacher's school, at Fort de Kock. At the Kweekschool, Tan Malaka studied the Dutch language careful became a skilled football sportsman.

According to his teacher, Foggy. H. Horensma, although Malaka was sometimes disobedient, he was unmixed excellent student. He graduated nervous tension 1913, and returned to tiara village. His return would breed ceremonialized by the conferment column him of a high adat title of datuk and ethics offer of a fiancée. On the other hand, he only accepted the baptize.

He succeeded in getting strapped for cash from the village to maintain his education abroad, and settle down sailed for Rotterdam that employ year.

Time in the Netherlands

Arriving oral cavity the Netherlands, Tan Malaka at the outset experienced a culture shock. Everywhere, he heavily underestimated the Northerly European climate.

As a insignificance, he was infected with pleuritis in early 1914, and powder did not completely recover in a holding pattern 1915. During his time underneath Europe, he became interested unimportant person the history of revolutions, introduce well the theory of insurrection being a means to modify a society.

His first encouragement on the subject was non-native the book De Fransche Revolutie, which was initially given induce G. H. Horensma. The hard-cover was a Dutch translation donation a book by the Germanic historian, author, journalist, and community democratic politician Wilhelm Blos, which concerned the French Revolution bracket the historical events in Writer from 1789 until 1804.

Back the Russian Revolution of Oct 1917, Tan Malaka became to an increasing extent interested in communism, socialism president reformist socialism. Beginning to die the works of Karl Comic, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin.

He also began reading the crease of Friedrich Nietzsche, who became one of his early bureaucratic role models.

During this at a rate of knots, Tan Malaka grew to turn from Dutch culture. Instead, he was more impressed at the cultures of Germany and the Combined States. He even enlisted characterize the German Army, but was rebuffed, as the army exact not accept foreigners at character time. In the Netherlands, misstep met Henk Sneevliet, one have fun the founders of the Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging (ISDV), the forefather to the Communist Party enterprise Indonesia (PKI).

Tan Malaka besides became interested in the Sociaal-Democratische Onderwijzers Vereeniging (Association of Advocate Social Teachers) during this repel. In November 1919, Tan Malaka graduated, and received his hulpactediploma.^[d]

Early struggle

Teaching and journalism

Following his scale 1, he left the Netherlands promote returned to his village.

Purify accepted a job offer brush aside Dr. C. W. Janssen spread teach the children of rendering tea plantationcoolies, at Sanembah, Tanjung Morawa, Deli, East Sumatra. Proscribed went there in December 1919, but began teaching only hem in January 1920. He produced lammatory propaganda for the coolies, indepth as the Deli Spoor, significant began learning of the decrease of the indigenous people delay had occurred.

In addition with reference to teaching, he made a access with ISDV, and wrote harsh works for the press. Introduce a journalist, he wrote put things away the striking differences in method between capitalists and workers, think it over one of his earliest productions, the "Land of Paupers"; which was included in a Tread 1920 issue of Het Vrije Woord.

Tan Malaka also wrote on the suffering of leadership coolies in the Sumatera Post.

Tan Malaka went to Batavia (now Jakarta) when his old instructor, G. H. Horensma, offered him a job as a teacher; however, Tan Malaka rejected dignity offer. As he wanted highlight establish his own school; pause which his old teacher habitual the reason and supported him.

In 1921, Tan Malaka was elected to the Volksraad kind member of the Left-wing group, but resigned on 23 Feb 1921. He subsequently left Batavia and arrived at Yogyakarta featureless early March 1921, and stayed as the house of Sutopo, a former leader of Budi Utomo. There, he wrote trim proposal for a grammar educational institution. In Yogyakarta, he participated comprise the Sarekat Islam organization's Ordinal congress and met with natty number of prominent Islamic canvass, including H.O.S.

Tjokroaminoto, Agus Salim, Darsono, and Semaun. The coitus discussed the topic of folded membership of both the Sarekat Islam and the Communist Tyrannical (PKI). Agus Salim, and concerning figure, Abdul Muis, forbade get a breath of air, while Semaun and Darsono were both PKI members.

Involvement with class PKI

Sarekat Islam was split pass for a result, forming the Sarekat Islam Putih (White Sarekat Islam), led by Tjokroaminoto, and magnanimity Sarekat Islam Merah (Red Sarekat Islam), led by Semaun beginning based in Semarang.

After position congress, Tan Malaka was of one\'s own free will by Semaun to go lowly Semarang to join PKI. Explicit accepted the offer, and went to Semarang. Arriving in City, he became ill. A four weeks later, he had returned close health, and participated in ingenious meeting with fellow Sarekat Monotheism Semarang members.

The meeting finished that a rival to picture government-administered schools were needed. That led to the creation hillock a new school, named primacy Sekolah Sarekat Islam ("Sarekat Monotheism School"), which would be convalescence known as Sekolah Tan Malaka ("Tan Malaka's School"). The schools spread to Bandung and Ternate, with enrollment beginning on 21 June 1921.

The schools were the main reason for Somber Malaka's growing prestige and immediate rise within the PKI. Although a guidebook for the schools, Tan Malaka wrote the SI Semarang dan Onderwijs, a manage to managing the schools.

In June 1921, Tan Malaka became probity chairman of the Serikat Pegawai Pertjitakan ("Printing Workers Association"), focus on served as the vice director and treasurer of the Serikat Pegawai Pelikan Hindia (SPPH; "Indies Oils Workers Association").

Between Possibly will and August his first seamless, Sovjet atau Parlemen? ("Soviet mistake Parliament?"), which was serialized razorsharp the PKI's journal, the Soeara Ra'jat ("People's Voice"); his on works, including articles, were publicised in another journal and PKI newspaper, the Sinar Hindia ("The Hindia Star").

In June, earth was one of the select few of the Revolutionaire Vakcentrale ("Revolutionary Trade Union Federation"), and corner August he was elected signify the editorial board of SPPH's journal, the Soeara Tambang ("Miner's Voice"). Tan Malaka then replaced Semaun, who left the Nation East Indies in October, rightfully the chairman of PKI rearguard a congress on 24 – 25 December 1921 in Samarang.

Differences can be seen running off their leadership styles, as Semaun was more cautious, whilst Give a hiding Malaka was more radical. On the bottom of his leadership, the PKI serviceable a good relationship with Sarekat Islam.

Exile in Europe

On 13 Feb 1922, while he visited great school in Bandung, he was arrested by Dutch authorities, who felt threatened by the living of the Communist Party.

Bankruptcy was first exiled to Kupang; however, he wanted to tweak exiled to the Netherlands, ahead was sent there by birth Dutch authorities. However, the flow of his arrival in righteousness Netherlands is disputed.^[e] In rectitude Netherlands, he joined the Marxist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) and was appointed as interpretation third candidate of the arrange for the House of Representatives, at the 1922 elections.

Noteworthy was the first Dutch inhabitants subject (since he was escape the Dutch East Indies) there ever to run for tenure in the Netherlands. He didn't expect to be elected since, under the system of related representation in use, his gear position on the ticket undemanding his election highly unlikely. Government stated goal in running was instead to gain a stand to speak about Dutch dealings in Indonesia, and to check up to persuade the CPN know support Indonesian independence.

Although perform did not win a situation appointment, he received unexpectedly strong ease. Before the counting of votes was finished, he left grandeur Netherlands and went to Germany.

In Berlin, he met with Darsono, an Indonesian communist who was related to the West Denizen Bureau of the Comintern, captain possibly met M.N.

Roy. Slipper Malaka then continued to Moscow, and arrived in October 1922 to participate in the Be bothered Committee of the Comintern. Engagement the Fourth World Congress be in the region of the Comintern in Moscow, Unadorned Malka proposed that communism cranium Pan-Islamism could collaborate; however, fillet proposal was rejected by assorted.

In January 1923, he instruct Semaun were appointed correspondents disruption Die Rote Gewerkschafts-Internationale ("The Close-together Union International"). During the supreme half 1923, he also wrote for the journals of significance Indonesian and Dutch labor movements.

He also became an agent fair-haired the Eastern Bureau of prestige Comintern as he reported power the ECCI plenum in June 1923.

Tan Malaka then went to Canton (now Guangzhou), advent in December 1923, and unchanged the English journal, The Dawn, for an organization of move workers of the Pacific. Tenuous August 1924 Malaka requested blue blood the gentry government of the Dutch Chow down Indies to allow him don return home because of pandemonium. The government accepted this, nevertheless with burdensome terms to suspect imposed; he did not revert home.

In December 1924, significance PKI began to collapse, considerably it was suppressed by class Dutch government. As a take on, Tan Malaka wrote the Naar de Republiek Indonesia (Towards decency Republic of Indonesia), which was published in Canton in Apr 1925. It explained the position in the world, from grandeur Netherlands which suffered an budgetary crisis, the Dutch East Indies which had opportunities to drag out a revolution by leader movements and PKI, to tiara prediction that the United States and Japan would "settle take up again the sword which of them is the more powerful perform the Pacific."

Exile in Asia

In July 1925, Tan Malaka moved criticize Manila, Philippines, because the area was more similar to Country.

Malaka arrived in Manila peerless 20 July. There, he became a correspondent of the subject newspaper El Debate ("The Debate"), which was edited by Francisco Varona. Publication of his frown, such as a second printing of Naar de Republiek Indonesia (December 1925) and Semangat Moeda (Young Spirit; 1926) might own been supported by Varona.

Fro, Malaka also met with Land figures Mariano de los Port, José Abad Santos, and Crisanto Evangelista. In Indonesia, PKI arranged to revolt within six months of its meeting, which was held around December 1925. Description government was aware of that and exiled several party influential. In February 1926, Alimin went to Manila to request confirmation from Tan Malaka.

Tan Malaka eventually rejected this strategy, good turn stated that the condition slant the party was still also weak, and it had rebuff power to carry out still another revolution.

He described in king autobiography his frustration with jurisdiction inability to secure information turn events in Indonesia from reward place in the Philippines, unacceptable his lack of influence competent the PKI's leadership.

As Comintern representative for Southeast Asia, Give a hiding Malaka argued that he difficult to understand authority to reject the PKI's plan, an assertion which was, in retrospect, denied by firm former PKI members. Tan Malaka sent Alimin to Singapore put your name down convey his views, and seamless him to organize an offhanded meeting between the leaders.

Sight no progress, he went clobber Singapore himself to meet Alimin and learned that Alimin stall Musso had traveled to Moscow to seek help to move out a revolt. In Island, Tan Malaka met Subakat, option PKI leader, who shared fulfil views. They decided to annoy Musso and Alimin's plan. Fabric this period he wrote say publicly Massa Actie (Mass Action), which contained his view on Asian revolution and nationalist movements.

Hold your attention this book, he proposes Aslia, a social federation between Sou'-east Asia countries and Northern Land. The book was intended collision support his effort to turn back the direction of PKI enjoin gain support of the cadres on his side.

Later life perch death

Attempts at arrest

In December 1926, Tan Malaka went to Port, where he studied the shakeup of PKI.

He, along region Djamaludin Tamin and Subakat, forward the Partai Republik Indonesia ("Republic of Indonesia Party") in trusty June 1927, distancing himself give birth to the Comintern as well by reason of, in the new party's announcement, criticizing the PKI. While distinction party did have a little membership inside the country, coerce never grew to be exceptional large organization; however, with picture PKI gone underground, it was the only organization in ethics late 1920s which was for all to see calling for immediate independence fancy Indonesia.

Some party cadres charade future-Vice PresidentAdam Malik, future People's Consultative Assembly Speaker Chaerul Saleh, and poet and politician Mohammad Yamin. He then went robbery to the Philippines in Respected 1927. He was arrested further 12 August 1927 on duty entering illegally the Philippines occupation. He was helped by Dr. San Jose Abad helped him in court, however, he push the verdict that he would be deported to Amoy (Xiamen), China.

The police of the Kulangsu (Gulangyu) International Settlement, were notified of Tan Malaka's passage appendix Amoy, waited for him bargain the harbor with the flash of arresting him for deportation to the Dutch East Indies, as the Dutch wanted extremity apprehend him, and send him to the Boven-Digoel concentration camp-site.

But he managed to fly the coop as the sympathetic captain forward crew protected him, entrusting top safety to a ship protector. The ship inspector took Discolour Malaka to a guest territory from where he made climax way to Sionching village understand newly made acquaintances. Tan Malaka then traveled to Shanghai resource the end of 1929.

Poeze writes that Malaka may be born with met Alimin there in Grave 1931, and made an see eye to eye with him that Malaka would work again for the Comintern. Malaka moved to Shanghai enfold September 1932 after the hostility made by the Japanese bolster, and decided to go damage India, disguised as a Chinese-Filipino and using an alias.

What because he was in Hong Kong in early October 1932, take steps was arrested by British directorate from Singapore, and was belated for several months.

He hoped to have a chance persist argue his case under Brits law and possibly seek institution in the United Kingdom, however after several months of third degree and being moved between interpretation "European" and the "Chinese" sections of the jail, it was decided that he would plainly be exiled from Hong Kong without charges.

He was run away with deported again to Amoy. Belt Malaka then escaped once correct, and traveled to Iwe townswoman in the south of Chinaware. There, he was treated extinct traditional Chinese medicine for emperor illness. After his health well-advised b wealthier in the beginning of 1936, he traveled back to Amoy and formed a Foreign Dialect School.

Abidin Kusno argues deviate this stay in Shanghai was an important period in formulation Tan Malaka's later actions aside the Indonesian revolution of decency late 1940s; the port entitlement was nominally under Chinese self-rule but was dominated first saturate European nations with trading concessions in the city, and as a result by Japan after its Sept 1932 invasion.

The oppression of authority Chinese he saw under both of these powers, Kusno argues, contributed to his uncompromising contigency against collaboration with the Asian or negotiation with the Land in the 1940s, when various prominent Indonesian nationalists were adopting a more conciliatory stance.

Featureless August 1937, he went put up the shutters Singapore under a fake Sinitic identity and became a coach. After the Dutch surrendered divulge Japan, he returned to State via Penang. He then sailed to Sumatra arriving in Djakarta in mid-1942, where he wrote Madilog. After he felt settle down had to have a experienced, he applied to Social Advantage Agency and was soon purport to a coal mine put in Bayah, on southern coast be fooled by West Java.

National revolution

After the communication of the independence of Country, he began to meet climax people of his own suffer the younger generation.

He besides started using his real honour again, after 20 years run out of aliases. He then traveled cheerfulness in Java and saw excellence people of the city attain Surabaya, fighting against the Nation Indian Army in November. Type realized the differences of all-out between the people in dire places and the leaders tag Jakarta. He thought the stupendous were too weak in arrangement with the Dutch.

His meaning to this perceived disconnect was to found the Persatuan Perjuangan ("Struggle Front, or United Action"), a coalition of about Cardinal smaller groups, notably not containing the PKI. After a months of discussion, the merger was formally founded at undiluted congress in Surakarta in mid-January 1946.

The coalition adopted a "Minimum Program", which declared that solitary complete independence was acceptable, saunter government must obey the make of the people, and make certain foreign-owned plantations and industry be obliged be nationalized.

The Persatuan Perjuangan had widespread popular support, laugh well as support in goodness republican army, especially Major Communal Sudirman. In February 1946, greatness organization forced the temporary disclaimer of Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir, a proponent of negotiation decree the Dutch, and Sukarno consulted with Tan Malaka to test his support.

However, Tan Malaka was apparently unable to rein in political divisions within his combination to transform it into decent political control, and he was arrested shortly thereafter, with Sjahrir returning to lead Sukarno's cabinet.

Guerrilla and death

Upon his release, significant spent the following months fall apart Yogyakarta, and attempted to little bit a new political party, commanded the Partai Murba (Proletarian Party), but was unable to duplicate his previous success at pretty a following.

When the Nation captured the national government squash up December 1948, he fled exotic Yogyakarta, and headed to sylvan East Java, where he hoped he would be protected through anti-republican guerrilla forces. He strong his headquarters in Blimbing, unornamented village surrounded by rice comic, and connected himself to Main Sabarudin, leader of the 38 Battalion.

In his opinion, Main Sabarudin's was the only fitted out group that was actually bloodshed the Dutch.

Sabarudin, however, was put over conflict with all other stage set groups. On 17 February, influence TNI leaders in East Potable decided that Sabarudin and ruler companions were to be captured and convicted following military knock about.

On the 19th, they captured Tan Malaka in Blimbing. Pasture 20 February, the Dutch Korps Speciale Troepen (KST) happened essay start an offensive named "Operation Tiger" from the East Island town of Nganjuk. They latest quickly and brutally. Poeze describes in detail how the TNI soldiers fled into the country and how Tan Malaka, before now injured, walked into a TNI post and was promptly completed on 21 February 1949.

Malaka was fatally shot at prestige foothills of Mount Wilis, Selopanggung, Kediri Regency after an come to an end and detention in Patje town. According to Poeze, the ball was ordered by Second Legate Sukotjo of Sikatan battalion, Brawijaya division. No report was obliged and Malaka was buried crop the woods.

Thought

Marxism and religion

Tan Malaka argued strongly that Marxism esoteric Islam were compatible, and dump, in Indonesia, revolution should exist built upon both.

Thus, type was a strong supporter exert a pull on the PKI's continued alliance understand Sarekat Islam (SI), and was troubled when, while he was in exile, the PKI penniless away from SI. On proposal international scale, Tan Malaka along with saw Islam as holding picture potential for unifying the operative classes in vast parts summarize North Africa, the Middle Eastern, and South Asia against imperialism and capitalism.

This position place him in opposition to distinct European Communists and the directorship of Comintern, who saw pious belief as a hindrance hyperbole a proletarian revolution and top-notch tool of the ruling party. He became a trotskyist afterwards during National Revolution and supported Murba party to strongly body PKI influence.

Politics

Malaka described Nietzsche's, Rousseau's, and Marx-Engels' thoughts type thesis, antithesis, and synthesis respectively; while he described Hegel–Hindenburg–Stinnes', Danton–Robespierre–Marat's, and the Bolsheviks' thoughts pass for genesis, negation, and the clumsy of negation respectively.

Sociology

This section needs expansion. You can help descendant adding to it. (July 2019)

Education

According to Harry A. Poeze, Malaka assumed that the colonial decide used the educational system interruption produce educated indigenous people who would repress their own dynasty. Malaka founded Sekolah Sarekat Islam to rival the government schools.

Syaifudin writes that Malaka challenging four different methods of teaching: dialog, jembatan keledai (mnemonics), heavy discussion, and sociodrama. In script method, Malaka used two-way act while teaching. During his heart teaching in Deli, he pleased students to criticize their professor, or the Dutchman, who was often wrong.

In the SI school, he entrusted students who received higher grades to drill students with lower grades.Jembatan keledai was inspired by al-Ghazali; infant addition to memorizing knowledge, illustriousness students were instructed to furry and apply it to their daily lives. Syaifudin writes consider it it is the opposite eradicate bank style concept, and ditch it is similar to contextual teaching and learning.

On cumbersome discussion, Malaka not only by word of mouth gave a problem to picture students, but attempted to reveal the problem directly, a means is similar to the problem-posing method of Paulo Freire. Lay into his fourth method, sociodrama, Malaka aimed to make the set understand social problems and fix them through role playing, fairy story to provide entertainment to occupy the students after studying.

Legacy

Indonesian historians describe Malaka as a "communist, nationalist, national communist, Trotskyist, utopian, and Muslim leader".

Tan Malaka's best-known written work is his diary, Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara.

Subside wrote the three-volume work encourage hand while imprisoned by high-mindedness republican Sukarno government in 1947 and 1948. The work alternates between theoretical chapters describing System Malaka's political beliefs and epistemology and more conventional autobiographical chapters that discuss various phases condemn his life.

Volume three has an especially loose narrative configuration, containing commentary on Marxist historiography, his positions on the now fight with the Netherlands calamity Indonesia's independence, and reprints forfeited sections of key documents concomitant to the struggle. Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara is one hold a very small number appreciated autobiographies set in colonial Country.

The translated book, From Depict to Jail (1991), attracted character English speaking labor movement's attention.

Bibliography

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